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The Life Cycle

The Life Cycle. The Life Cycle. PART 1: Prenatal Development/Birth  Late Childhood PART 2: Adolescence PART 3: Adulthood  Marriage  Aging. Part I Prenatal Development/Birth  Late Childhood. Prenatal Development/Birth  Late Childhood. KEY TERMS: - Embryo - Apgar Test

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The Life Cycle

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  1. The Life Cycle

  2. The Life Cycle PART 1: Prenatal Development/Birth  Late Childhood PART 2: Adolescence PART 3: Adulthood  Marriage  Aging

  3. Part IPrenatal Development/Birth  Late Childhood

  4. Prenatal Development/Birth  Late Childhood KEY TERMS: - Embryo - Apgar Test - Placenta - Miscarriage - Umbilical Cord - Stillbirth - Fetus

  5. Prenatal Development/Birth  Late Childhood KEY CONCEPTS: • We all start off as one single cell. • The health of a developing child is dependent on a number of factors, many of which are controlled by the mother. • Essential steps in sound prenatal care: eating healthy, proper rest, and avoiding harmful substances.

  6. In the beginning… • Entire human body starts as one cell. • Cell is formed by the union of an egg (ovum) and a sperm. • Union of ovum and sperm is called: fertilization. • Fertilization  Ovum becomes a zygote.

  7. Ovum & Sperm

  8. In the beginning… • Once the zygote is formed a protective membrane is formed. • Membrane does not allow more sperm into ovum (or zygote). • Zygote reaches uterus in 3-5 days (multiplied many times)  Blastocyst (cluster of cells w/hollow space for center).

  9. Implantation • Blastocyst Continues to Divide in Uterus • As it divides, it implants (attaches) to the lining of the uterus. • Lining is layers of tissue that nourishes the egg throughout pregnancy. • After implantation  cluster of cells are now known as an embryo (size of a dot on the letter i).

  10. Embryonic Development Embryo cells continue to divide, forms three layers: One Layer: respiratory and digestive systems. Second Layer: muscles, bones, blood vessels, and skin. Third Layer: nervous system, sense organs, and mouth.

  11. Embryonic Development • As the 3 layers develop, thin membrane develops around the embryo. • Amniotic Sac (filled w/ fluid) • Shock absorber • Insulation

  12. Embryonic Development Placenta: blood-rich tissue formed by the outer cells of embryo and tissue from the mother.

  13. Embryonic Development Embryo connected to placenta by Umbilical Cord. Umbilical Cord: tube in which nutrients and oxygen pass from mother’s blood to embryo’s blood. * Also carries waste from embryo to mother.

  14. Fetal Development • 1st Six Weeks of Pregnancy Embryo Grows Rapidly • Start of 3rd Week: ½ to 1 Inch Long (10,000 times the size of the original cell) • Start of 8th Week: 1 ½ Inches Long • NAME CHANGE: end of the 8th week until birth, embryo  fetus.

  15. Fetal Development • Brain is one of the first organs to develop. • The nervous system develops rapidly. • At nine weeks, the head is formed.

  16. 8 Weeks

  17. Fetal Development • Rapid growth during the 4th month, but slowed in 5th month. • 5th Month: Mother can feel fetus move. • 6th Month: 14 Inches Long

  18. Fetal Development • Last 3 Months: weight of fetus more than triples, moves freely within amniotic sac. • 7th Month: eyes open.

  19. Fetal Development 9th Month: fetus moves into a head-down position and is ready for birth. Fetus is now 18-20 inches long & weighs 7-9 lbs.

  20. Trimesters First Trimester (months 1 to 3) Second Trimester (months 4 to 6) Thirds Trimester (months 7 to 9)

  21. 4 Early Signs of Pregnancy • A missed menstrual period; often feels like a period is about to start. • Positive urine or blood test for HCG (human chorionic gonadotropin hormone). • Tenderness and enlargement of breasts and darkening of the nipples. • Nausea (“morning sickness”) and fatigue.

  22. Myth A MISSED MENSTRUL PERIOD IS A SURE SIGN OF PREGNANCY.

  23. Fact IT IS COMMON FOR WOMEN TO HAVE IRREGULAR PERIODS.

  24. Myth IT TAKES THE ENTIRE 38 TO 40 WEEKS FOR THE MAJOR STRUCTURES IN A GROWING BABY TO DEVELOP.

  25. Fact MAJOR FUNCTIONS DEVELOPED BY THE END OF THE 3RD MONTH.

  26. Myth DRUGS CANNOT CROSS THE PLACENTA INTO THE BABY DURING PREGNANCY.

  27. Fact MOST DRUGS DO CROSS THE PLACENTA INTO THE BABY’S BODY WITHIN MINUTES.

  28. Myth PREGNANT WOMEN DO NOT HAVE TO VISIT THE DOCTOR UNTIL THE LAST THREE MONTHS OF PREGNANCY.

  29. Fact REGULAR DOCTOR VISITIS FROM THE FIRST SIGN OF PREGANCY ARE NECESSARY TO INSURE HEALTH.

  30. Prenatal Care • Genetics (discussed later) play a role in the health of the baby. However... • Mother can do a lot to improve the chances of having a baby.

  31. Prenatal Care • Pregnancy is known prenatal care begins. • Regular visits to doctors: • Complete Physical • Blood tests • Pelvic Examinations • Proper Nutrition, Physical Activity & Care • What to Expect • Q & A

  32. Prenatal CareAvoid Alcohol & Other Drugs • Fetus = Zero Control of What Enters Body • Alcohol, Tobacco, other Illegal Drugs • Some Legal Drugs (including prescriptions) • Caffeine • Exposure to Second Hand Smoke CONSEQUENCES: interrupt fetal brain development, SIDS, premature birth, low birth weight, and more!

  33. Prenatal CareFetal Alcohol Syndrome Alcohol - No! No! No! - Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: mental retardation, slow growth before and after birth, wide range of physical defects.

  34. Prenatal CareTobacco Tobacco - Mothers who use tobacco (any kind) have a greater chance of giving birth early. - Early births lead to low birth weights. - Low birth weights is leading cause of death in 1st year of life. - Also… Respiratory problems (bronchitis & pneumonia).

  35. Prenatal CareNutrition - DO NOT EAT FOR TWO! - Only about 400-500 extra good calories needed - Increased amounts of calcium, vitamin E, and iron. - Foods high in folic acid (B9) (whole grains, fish) - Vitamins!

  36. Prenatal CareExercise • Talk to Doctor, but most everything is okay (especially early on). • Regular Moderate Exercise • Improves Circulation. • Helps w/Excessive Weight Gain. • Prepares mother for labor (flexibility, strength, and endurance).

  37. Stages of Birth Stage 1 (Dilation): stretching of the cervix. Results from mild contractions known as labor. • Cervix dilates (starts to open). • Water breaks (amniotic fluid released through vagina). • Baby’s head begins to push through birth canal. • Must be 10 centimeters before stage one finishes.

  38. Cervix

  39. Cervix Dilations

  40. Stages of Birth Stage 2 (Expulsion): passage of baby. Continuing contractions that shorten the uterus. • Head emerges fully. Shoulders rotate. • Episiotomy: surgical incision of the outer end of vagina. • Stage 2 finished with delivery of baby.

  41. Stages of Birth Stage 3 (Afterbirth): after baby is born, contractions continue for about 10-15 minutes, pushing placenta out (afterbirth). • Mucus suctioned from baby’s mouth. • Umbilical cord tied/cut. • Checked for signs of problems (mother and baby).

  42. Types of Childbirth Natural Childbirth - With or without drugs. Cesarean Section (C-Section) - Breech birth (rear first) - Too Large - Under Abnormal Stress C-Section Small incision on lower abdomen, then uterus.

  43. Complications Complications may occur during pregnancy. Healthy or unhealthy mother may experience. Mothers who use drugs, alcohol, tobacco are more likely to have complications.

  44. Complications PROBLEM: Miscarriage CAUSE: natural complications before 20th week. SYMPTOMS: bleeding or pregnancy tissue through vagina. TREATMENT: determined by doctor.

  45. Complications PROBLEM: Ectopic (Tubal Pregnancy) CAUSE: implantation of fertilized egg in fallopian tube. SYMPTOMS: abdominal pain, weakness, and faintness. TREATMENT: surgery or medical treatment ASAP.

  46. Complications PROBLEM: Toxemia CAUSE: unknown, but common in teens. May be related to placenta or hormones. SYMPTOMS: swelling of faces/ankles, high blood pressure, protein in urine of mother, convulsions if severe. TREATMENT: medications, frequent check-ups, early delivery of baby (in some cases), may be prevented with proper prenatal care.

  47. Complications PROBLEM: Gestational Diabetes CAUSE: diabetes during pregnancy. SYMPTOMS: high blood sugar levels in mother. TREATMENT: change in diet, some medications, early delivery of baby (some cases).

  48. Complications PROBLEM: Rh Incompatibility CAUSE: due to incompatibility in blood cell type, mother’s immune system reacts against the fetus’s blood. SYMPTOMS: anemia (low red blood cell count) in fetus or fetus death. TREATMENT: immunizations before and after pregnancy, monitoring fetus.

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