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Fluid Inclusion Technologies

Mass Spec Chemical Profiling of Gas Composition in Real Time at Wellsite with the Dq1000 Divining Quad. Fluid Inclusion Technologies. Mass Spec Chemical Profiling with the Dq1000 TM.

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Fluid Inclusion Technologies

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  1. Mass Spec Chemical Profiling of Gas Composition in Real Time at Wellsite with the Dq1000 Divining Quad Fluid Inclusion Technologies

  2. Mass Spec Chemical Profiling with the Dq1000TM The Dq1000 is a portable quadrapole mass analyzer for use on drilling wells. It replaces all conventional gas detectors. It analyzes C1-C10 petroleum species, and inorganic compounds such as CO2, He, N2, O2 and sulfur bearing volatiles. It can discriminate among paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics, as well as contributions from the drilling fluid. The Dq1000 is capable of delineating charged zones, petroleum type, compartmentalization, fluid contacts and seals to a much greater extent than conventional instrumentation. Interpretation of data follows from our 18 years of experience with subsurface fluid chemistry

  3. Source Rock Maturity Burial History Migration Fractionation Solubility Biodegradation Thermal Alteration Gas Fraction A petroleum deposit is the cumulative product of original composition and post- expulsion readjustments along route. Recognizing these processes results in more informed and successful exploration Oil Fraction Inorganics

  4. Gas Components WSGC Fluid Inclusion Technologies, Dq1000 C1C10C30+ Normal Paraffins Iso-paraffins Cyclo-Paraffins Schematic Volume Percent of Fraction Aromatics Resins Naphtheno-Arom Asphaltenes Largest chemical variability in petroleum Recorded in PNA fraction

  5. Analytical Limitations of Conventional Gas Equipment • TGD records total combustible hydrocarbons without compound specificity • GC generally analyzes gas-range alkanes (paraffins), which react similarly to subsurface processes. Other two major classes of hydrocarbons (naphthenes and aromatics) not recorded • Generally poor performance on C5+ at low concentration • Analysis of inorganic compounds (e.g., CO2, sulfur species, He) requires special equipment • Difficult to account for drilling additives and/or OBM • Infexible to specific needs of individual wells

  6. Species Analyzed by the Dq1000 • C1-C10organic species • Discriminates among paraffins, naphthenes and aromatics • BTEX compounds and organic acids • Inorganic volatiles such as CO2, He, N2 and other atmospherics, sulfur species, H2, etc. • Identifies contribution from mud system and organic additives

  7. Why Analyze these Additional Compounds? • Better estimates of petroleum type and quality • Identifying fluid contacts • Delineating porosity/permeability trends • Inferring nearby charge in wet reservoirs • Establishing reservoir and basin compartmentalization

  8. HC’s to C8 Mostly atmosphere; minor dry gas HC’s to C8;wetter HC’s to C7 P/N HC’s to C10;wetter; aromatic rich; coal sourced HC’s to C7 with aromatics B T B P/N X T Dq1000 Mass Spectra Examples

  9. Dq1000 Mass Spectrum of Interpreted Mixed Thermogenic and Biogenic Gas at High Sw N2 O2 C1 Ar H2 CO2 “Aromatic” C2 C3 COS Benzene ppm C4 CS2 C5 C6 m/z

  10. Dq1000 Mass Spectrum of Atmosphere over Stock Tank Oil at Room Temperature (Low Sw) N2 O2 C1 C3 Benzene Ar C4 H2 Toluene C5 C6 C7 Xylenes C2 C8 C9 ppm C10 m/z

  11. Interpretation of Dq1000 Data • Based on Fluid Inclusion Stratigraphy (FIS, cuttings volatile analysis) of thousands of wells worldwide over the last 18 yrs

  12. FIS Schematic

  13. FIS Data Organic Acid Lith Log Black = Inorganic species Red = Gas-range HC’s Blue = Water-soluble species Green = liquid-range HC’s Benzene E-logs CO2 H2S C1 C7 CS2 SEAL ZONE BYPASSED PAY ZONE THIN MIGRATION ZONES AND SEALS SEAL ZONE PAY ZONE GAS-OIL CONTACT OIL-WATER CONTACT

  14. FIS Fluid Contact Example

  15. FIS Pay Delineation and Reservoir Compartments C7 CO2 Sr-RSA Acetic Acid FI Salinity Decrease in C7 and concomitant increase in AA demarcates the OWC. Detailed C7 response in oil leg reflects poroperm. CO2 shows position of carbonate cemented zones, which act as intra-reservoir seals or baffles. SrRSA and fluid inclusion salinity also show major compartment boundaries Barrier OWC Barrier

  16. Dq1000 Fluid Contact Example

  17. Oil-Water Contact; Dq1000 Data Probable OWC Hi abundance of visible moderate gravity oil inclusions in thin section suggests Zone A may be a bypassed pay interval.

  18. Production-Depleted Zone; Dq1000 Data

  19. FIS Compartmentalization Example

  20. Seal Definition and Reservoir Compartments; FIS Data Methane FIS methane response indicates effectiveness of top seal and inter-reservoir seal. Fluid inclusions in the two reservoirs have discrete chemistries. Biomarker work indicates a separate source for the two fluids. SEAL A SEAL B

  21. Dq1000 Compartmentalization Example

  22. Reservoir Compartmentalization; Dq1000 Data Increased porosity with depth in SHOW #2 Elevated Ben/Tol in Seals overlying shows Compartment indicators SHOW #1 compartmentalized. SHOW #2 wetter; chemically distinct; better porosity; out of communication with SHOW #1. A N P Tol Ben He Hy B/T CO2 Top Show #1 SHOW #1 Base Show #1 Top Show #2 C5 C9 C3 SHOW #2 C1 C7 C10 Base Show #2

  23. Compartmentalization from Cross Plots Methane vs. Ethane Different Slopes = Different Chemical Compartments Increased Wetness

  24. Compartmentalization from Cross Plots Differences among trends are primarily related to fluid source and migration history. Differences along trend are primarily related to porosity. Secondary porosity effects (e.g., in tight rock) may contribute to scatter around trends Data from Anomalies in Well “A” Trend 1 Trend 2 Trend 3 Trip gas composition correlates to zone (s) from which it is derived

  25. FIS Proximity to Pay Example

  26. Proximity to Pay: FIS Data FIS data document diffusion of BTEX and organic acid across lateral fault seal at reservoir depth. Similar anomalies are seen in the water leg. Presence of these features significantly enlarges exploration target and extends view well beyond the limits of the borehole BTEX and organic acid anomalies in reservoir equivalent section across fault C7 Benzene Acetic Acid Benzene Oil indications in reservoir BTEX and organic acid anomalies in water leg to updip oil reservoir. = diffusion of water soluble species

  27. Dq1000 Proximity to Pay Example

  28. Proximity to Pay; Dq1000 Data ~ TVD crest of Prospect 2 reservoir Prospect 1 Prospect 2 Two wells drilled into adjacent fault blocks. PTP interpreted as lateral diffusion from Prospect 2 identified during drilling of Prospect 1. Confirmed by subsequent oil discovery. Perfect analogy to FIS data mentioned in previous slide.

  29. Application to Shale Plays, Tight Reservoirs and Horizontal Wells • Predict sweet spots along lateral • Identify faults and fractures • Assess water saturation • Evaluate source rock maturity and composition • Aid well completion

  30. Observations in Shale • Shales can be very heterogeneous even within a single horizon • Heterogeneity, whatever the source (fracture systems, diagenetic variations) affect gas production significantly • The Dq1000 can characterize the most production portions of the lateral and define compartmentalization • Completion programs that implement these data are more effective.

  31. Schematic Shale Dq1000 Response Baseline gas response is intrinsic to mature shale. Positive deviations suggest added gas from fracture system (or diagenetically enhanced porosity). Negative deviations suggest depletion of intrinsic gas response by communication with another fluid compartment ENHANCED Light/Heavy or BASELINE BASELINE BASELINE Gas Response (Normalized) DEPLETED Enhanced features represent the most productive portions of the lateral Depletions may represent dissipated gas zones and may cause production problems Horizontal Borehole Trajectory

  32. Completion Considerations Potentially Higher Sulfur Sulfur Species More hydrogen could indicate greater amount of mature oil-prone kerogen Fractures F F F F F F F F F F Helium Hydrogen Poor Moderate Potential Sw problems Ben/Tol Benzene Good Higher Sw Best Overall Possible Thief Zones C1 Norm C4 Norm Total Gas C1/C4

  33. Designing Frac Stages in Horiz. Shale Wells From the Bill Barrett Corporation Website

  34. Application to Fractured Reservoirs Oil Indicators Low Sw gas-cond filled fractures High Sw gas-cond filled fractures Oil filled fracture zones

  35. Dq1000 Application Conclusions • Effective single-instrument replacement for the TGD and GC • Better measurement of wet-gas and liquid-range organic species even at low TG • Superior chemical characterization from measurement of wide range of compounds • Data used to infer petroleum type and quality, fluid contacts, proximity to pay, porosity, compartmentalization

  36. Mass Spec in the Field • Like conventional gas detection equipment, the Dq1000 deploys using a gas trap and sample flow system • Continuous gas sample • Depth and circulation input from WITS • More-or-less stable electrical power supply

  37. Hardware Overview • Scanning quadrupole mass spectrometer yields dynamic range of 7+ orders of magnitude. • No carrier or oxidizer gasses. • Standard issue PC/laptop computer. • Field serviceable - most routine maintenance operations can be performed on-site by logger. • Full Electronic Isolation provides uninterrupted service in extremely hostile environments. • International Deployment - electrical power requirements are 90-240 VAC, 50-60 Hz.

  38. Software Overview • FIT’s Dq1000 Divining Quad Chemical Profiler uses a proprietary, Windows-based software driver designed to optimize the application of mass spectrometry to well site geochemistry, incorporating real-time gas analyses with essential drilling parameters monitored by dq1000’s internal circuitry into LAS-format digital output suitable for display, data transfer and archival. • Together with FIT’s proprietary server software and a satellite uplink, real time data are available virtually anytime, anywhere….

  39. Dq1000 Driver Software

  40. Dq1000 Depth Profile

  41. Dq1000 Mass Spectra

  42. Dq1000 Time Profile

  43. Crossplots

  44. Network Software • Dq1000dvr Driver Software on the FIT-supplied Laptop computer operates the portable unit in the field, locally archiving gas chemistry and drilling parameters, and providing an operator interface for stand-alone deployment. • Dq1000svr Server Software automatically retrieves and archives chemical and drilling data from rig, storing it in a secure location offsite • Dq1000mon Monitor Software installs on any Windows-based PC allowing secure, real-time monitoring of gas chemistries and various drilling parameters from remote locations.

  45. Dq1000 Server Software

  46. Dq1000 Monitor Software

  47. Analytical Overview • Unit Mass Discrimination from AMU = 1 - 140 • Analytical cycle time is adjustable between 15 seconds and 6 minutes (nominally ~1.5 min/cycle) • Dynamic analytical range of 7+ orders of magnitude • Fully temperature compensated • Calibrate with standard test gases (minimal drift requiring infrequent calibration) • Discriminates paraffins, naphthenes, aromatics, organic acids, CO2, He, N2, O2, H2, various sulphur species andmud additives

  48. Dq1000 Specifications • Dimensions: 26in x 7.5in x 15in • Weight: 54 lbs (portable) • Power: 85-264 VAC (3.0-1.5 Amp) 47-63 Hz (international) • Network: LAN, Internet, Satellite • Sensors: Mud Circulation, Pump Strokes, Depth, Gas Extraction Line Flow • Cycle Time: 15 sec – 6 min (~1.5 min nominal) • Modes: Dual (differential) or Single Port Gas Stream

  49. Dq1000 Divining QuadWellsite Gas Analyzer

  50. Dq1000 Distributors • Crown Geochemistry: Domestic US, inc OK Bruce Warren • EPOCH Well Services: Domestic US, GOM Kevin Romey • EPOCH Well Services: AK Jim Carson • King Canyon Buffalo: Domestic US Chris Nerud • Halliburton (Sperry): International, GOM, AK Ian Mitchell • Stratochem Services: Egypt, ME Mohamed Said

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