Chapter29: War Abroad, War at Home

1. Chapter29: War Abroad, War at Home

2. Goal for Jobs or Income Now (JOIN)? Sponsored by SDS Port Huron statement Ineffective Success: increase civic participation American Communities“Sign of the times”

3. 29.1: Vietnam: America’s Longest War The United States tries to control the spread of communism in Vietnam

5. 1. Rulers of Vietnam Before WWII? During WWII? After WWII? North – Ho Chi Minh South – Ngo Din Diem France wants to return to power Johnson’s War: Roots of American Involvement

6. Ho Chi Minh: Communist leader of Northern Vietnam b. What did he want? Independence of Vietnam from French Who were the Vietminh? North Vietnamese who wanted independence from France How does he relate to containment? He was supported by SU and China 2. Growth of Nationalism in Vietnam

7. U.S. supports Ho Chi Minh? During WWII to get rid of Japanese France retakes the south of Vietnam (1946) U.S. dilemma ? no longer supporting colonization but still trying to fight against communism China’s fall ’49 & Korean War ‘53 Truman decides to aid France 1950-1954: U.S. spends $2.6 billion supporting France VS. France vs. Vietminh*******

8. Eisenhower’s Domino theory 1954: French post at Dien Bien Phu falls/guerilla tactics July 1954:Geneva Accords (peace agreement)/temporary divide at 17th parallel Diem agreed to countrywide elections for 1956 3. Vietminh Drive out the French

9. a. Diem cancels elections of 1956 Minh supported by the people Diem Corrupt/suppressed opposition Repressed Buddhist practices Vietcong (NLF): worked w/Ho Chi Minh to remove Diem Ngo Dinh Diem (South V.) 4. French out = U.S. InSaigon in Trouble

10. Tonkin Gulf Resolution (1964): a. Granted Johnson military powers in Vietnam without officially declaring war! Written weeks prior to Tonkin incident 2. Operation Rolling Thunder First prolonged bombing of North Vietnam In hopes of avoiding sending ground troops B. Pres. Johnson expands the conflict

11. 3. US Supports War Efforts(Johnson Administration) 1. Support for Containment • cabinet members agree Vietnam needs help • Citizens support it as well • 61% in favor • 24% opposed iii. Saigon on the verge of collapse

12. Advocate for very large number of troops 500,000 by 1967 War of attrition 4. General Westmoreland

13. 5. US Strategies • War of Attrition: wearing down the enemy by continuous harassment • body count, (unpatriotic) • Win over the “hearts and minds” of the S. Vietnamese • Napalm/agent orange • Search and destroy missions/civilians • Millions of refugees

15. Agent Orange

17. Riverboat clip

19. Napalm(gasoline-base bomb) attack

23. 6. War in the Jungle 1. Tricks of the Vietcong “VC/Chuck” • Guerilla tactics: irregular warfare such as hit and run and ambush tactics • Hiding within civilian population/city and countryside • Booby traps and land mines • terrain • tunnels

24. Vietcong Tunnels

29. 1. soldiers Lose confidence Drugs and alcohol Killing superior officers 2. At home a. Economy suffers/ Inflation b. Using SS funds c. Increased taxes d. $21 B a year on war e. Living room war: media and credibility gap effect U.S.citizens C. Losing Morale

30. 29.4: 1968

31. A. The Tet Offensive (1968) • Tet: January 30, Vietnam’s New Years Eve • Week-long peace agreement with Vietcong in honor of the holiday • Funerals also being held during this time • Vietcong used coffins as decoys; filled with with weapons • Deaths due to attacks Vietcong: 32,000 US: 3,000 6. Americans and Congress: “unwinnable” war

34. Before Tet Offensive 28% Doves 56% Hawks After Tet Offensive 40% Doves 40% Hawks 60 % war mishandled 50% mistake to go in B. Public Opinion on War

35. Opposed war & wanted troops to withdraw from Vietnam Should continue & increase force in Vietnam Doves vs. Hawks

37. C. Days of Loss (1968) • March: Johnson announces he will not seek a second term • April: MLK assassinated • AA communities responded with riots; 46 dead, • Chicago: Mayor Daley “shoot to kill” order, • Stokely Carmichael “US declares war on us” • Citizens became more critical of the war • June: Robert Kennedy assassinated

38. 1968 DNC - Chicago

41. Hubert Humphrey (D) Richard M. Nixon (R) Presidential Election 1968

42. 29.6:Nixon’s War “To bring peace with honor”

43. A. Nixon and Vietnamization • Allowing for the Vietnamese to take a more active role by withdrawing US troops • Peace with honor… “save face”; wanted a say at negotiation table • Secretly continues to bomb supply routes in N. Vietnam military bases, Laos and Cambodia • Silent majority: mainstream Americans who quietly supported the president’s strategy

44. Ho Chi Minh trail

45. B. Invasion of Cambodia (4/’70) • Destroy N. Vietnamese and Vietcong supply centers • Leads to incidents such as student strikes and protest rallies on college campuses; ie, Kent State, Jackson State

46. ROTC targeted due to military connection National Guard sent out; 4 killed Jackson State, Ms/2 killed C. Kent State, Ohio (5/’70)

47. National Security Advisor Main negotiator w/N.Vietnam Nobel Peace Prize winner 1973 D. Henry Kissinger

48. E. My Lai Massacre (11/69)

49. 29.2: A Generation in Conflict

50. A. Vietnam’s Effect on America • Draft stopped • War Powers Act (1973) • President must inform congress within 48 hours if • US forces are sent into a hostile area without a declaration of war • Troops may not stay longer than 90 days unless congress approves presidents action or declares war • Foreign affairs: what risks do we take by getting involved? • Truman’s Containment policy unenforceable