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What is a MINERAL?

What is a MINERAL?. Chapter 3 – Minerals of the Earth. http://youtu.be/rTXSwnkieZc 6 min What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen 1. A mineral is SOLID NONLIVING (inorganic) material f ound in the Earth n aturally occurring Definite chemical makeup Definite crystalline structure.

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What is a MINERAL?

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  1. What is a MINERAL? Chapter 3 – Minerals of the Earth http://youtu.be/rTXSwnkieZc 6 min What is a Mineral? Geology Kitchen 1 • A mineral is • SOLID • NONLIVING (inorganic) material • found in the Earth • naturally occurring • Definite chemical makeup • Definite crystalline structure

  2. What is a MINERAL? • Elements • Smallest building blocks of matter • Natural substance • Cannot be broken down into simpler substances

  3. Minerals Most of the minerals of the Earth’s crust are made up of only 8 elements. • Most common elements - • Oxygen • Silicon • Aluminum

  4. Minerals • Cannot be formed from a living thing - inorganic • Found in nature • Solid

  5. Feldspar • Most common mineral in Earth’s crust • Silicon, aluminum, & oxygen

  6. Quartz • 2nd most common mineral in Earth’s crust • Silicon & oxygen

  7. Crystals • Elements are arranged in a regular pattern

  8. Groups of Minerals Based on chemical composition Silicate MineralsNonsilicate Minerals Dioptase is hydrous copper silicate, CuSiO2(OH)2. It usually occurs in bright green crystals in the oxidized zones of copper deposits.

  9. http://youtu.be/yP6kpQmRShg 3 ½ min Silicates Minerals Photos & music Silicates! Color description and Hardness Silicate Minerals • Made of silicon, oxygen, potassium & aluminum • Makes up more than 90% of the Earth’s crust • Quartz • – basic building blocks of many rocks

  10. Silicate Minerals • Feldspar • – main component of most rocks

  11. Silicate Minerals • Mica • – separate easily into thin sheets

  12. Nonsilicate Minerals • Mostly made up of carbon, oxygen, fluorine & sulfur • Native elements– composed of only ONE element • Copper • Gold • Silver http://youtu.be/TwgGPtqZnQc 5 min Non silicates Minerals Photos & music only

  13. Nonsilicate Minerals • Carbonates – Calcite – used in cement/concrete

  14. Nonsilicate Minerals • Halides – salts – sodium chloride, fluorite Fluorite Halite – table salt

  15. Nonsilicate Minerals • Oxides – Corundum - ruby & sapphire (gemstones) Ruby is the red variety of the corundum mineral, one of the hardest minerals on Earth which also includes Sapphire. Pure corundum is colorless. Corundum with calcite

  16. Nonsilicate Minerals • Sulfates – gypsum – used in toothpaste, sheetrock & paint

  17. Nonsilicate Minerals • Sulfides – galena (lead ore) – used in batteries & medicines Blue Fluorite with a mirror-like Galena cube sitting atop Quartz matrix

  18. Georgia’s State Mineral Staurolite was designated the official state mineral of Georgia in 1976. Commonly called “fairy crosses” or “fairy stones,” staurolite crystals are common in northern Georgia and are collected as good luck charms.

  19. http://youtu.be/cjA2-MrWAVU 4 ½ min Identifying Minerals – Geology Kitchen 2 Identifying Minerals 1 COLOR Easy to observe but not reliable Tremolite Cavansite Green Garnet Rhodonite

  20. Identifying Minerals 2 STREAK Color of mineral in its powdered form By rubbing a mineral across a porcelain tile – it leaves a stripe of color Hematite looks black but leaves red-brown streak. Pyrite looks yellow-gold but leaves a gray streak.

  21. Identifying Minerals 3 LUSTER is the way a mineral reflects light Can be dull, shiny, greasy, pearly, metallic, or glassy Talc is greasy. Garnet is glassy. Pyrite is metallic.

  22. Identifying Minerals 4 CRYSTALS Minerals have different shape or crystal structure The way crystals are arranged – breaks differently CLEAVAGE – breaks smoothly along a flat surface FRACTURE – breaks along uneven surfaces - irregular Obsidian Olivine

  23. Identifying Minerals 5 HARDNESS Each mineral has a distinct hardness MOHS Scale is based on ten common minerals. A harder mineral will scratch a softer mineral. Talc – softest Diamond - hardest

  24. Special Properties Fluorite glows under ultraviolet light (black light). Calcite reacts to simple acid by bubbling. Magnetite contains iron and is magnetic. Halite has a salty taste.

  25. Uses of Minerals • ORE is a natural mineral deposit large enough and pure enough to be mined for a profit. Iron ore is mixed with carbon to make steel.

  26. Uses of Minerals Aluminum (mineral) comes from the ore bauxite.

  27. Uses of Minerals Graphite – pencil “lead” The basic ingredient of glass is silica, which is derived from quartz sand. The silica is heated until it melts, shaped and then rapidly cooled. Quartz – used to make glass.

  28. http://youtu.be/37rI_BWmOI4 3 min Top 10 Rarest Gemstones Uses of Minerals • Gemstones • nonmetallic minerals • highly valuable for their beauty and rarity • COLOR is the most important characteristic for a gemstone.

  29. Ellison’s Cave – Walker County, GA Epsomite - mineral http://youtu.be/-OQJ1g6UHno 5 min Ellison’s Cave http://youtu.be/zZYNsxkEsYk 2 min Ellison’s Cave Deaths

  30. Chapter 3 – Minerals of the Earth http://youtu.be/M4zf0P7zC-k 1 ½ min How to grow your own Chemical Garden http://youtu.be/woOsrIburBo 4 min Birthstones and their meanings http://youtu.be/l4UYX7UMglE 4 min  What is your Birthstone? http://youtu.be/XyPR-CiabFM 4 min Diamonds – From Mine to Market http://youtu.be/1_fmgivwQKw 3 min Rocks and Minerals http://youtu.be/ffs4ABGcZ40 5 min Digging for Amethyst in Australia • http://youtu.be/0wcJ4HPWau0 • 9 min The Crystal Collector: "Giant quartz crystals http://youtu.be/KSACqI1VHH4 3 min How to Find Gemstones PowerPoint Presentation 2013 M. Brumbaugh - TCMS

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