Biology I

1. Biology I FINAL EXAM REVIEW QUESTIONS

2. What is the goal of science? • To investigate and understand the natural world, to explain events in the natural world and to use those explanations to make useful predictions.

3. In an experiment, the variable that is changes is termed the…… • MANIPULATED VARIABLE

4. Name 5 characteristics of all living things • Respond to the environment • Reproduce • Grow and develop • Maintain homeostasis • Evolve as species over time • Are made up of cells • Obtain and use materials and energy • Are based on a universal genetic code

5. Define HOMEOSTASIS • The process in which organisms keep their internal conditions fairly constant

6. The disproved idea that life could arise from nonliving matter is termed… • SPONTANEOUS GENERATION

7. _______ are atoms of the same element that differ in their number of neutrons • ISOTOPES

8. Proteins that speed up chemical reactions are called… • ENZYMES

9. Name the 4 main classes of organic compounds. • CARBOHYDRATES • LIPIDS • PROTEINS • NUCLEIC ACIDS

10. Identify the purpose and set up of the pH scale. • Purpose is to show the relative concentration of Hydrogen ions and indicate whether a substance is an acid a base or neutral. 7 is neutral above that is a base and below is an acid the further away from seven the stronger of an acid/base it is. Each change in number is 10 times different.

11. What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell? • PROKARYOTIC = smaller, less complex, no nucleus • EUKARYOTIC = larger, more complex, has membrane bound organelles and a nucleus

12. _______ is the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. • OSMOSIS

13. What (two-word) term refers to cells having different roles in an organism? • CELL SPECIALIZATION

14. Put the following in order from most complex level to most simple level: tissue, organ, cell, organ system • ORGAN SYSTEM, ORGAN, TISSUE, CELL

15. If the cell has to use energy to move substances in and out of the cell this type of transport is called • ACTIVE TRANSPORT

16. The nuclei of eukaryotic cells is important because… • It contains coded information (DNA) that determines the structure and functioning of the organism.

17. What are the three parts of the cell theory? • Cells are the basic units of life • All living things are made up of cells • Cells only come from pre-existing cells

18. Photosynthesis takes place in this specialized organelle… • CHLOROPLASTS

19. What is the difference between autotrophs and heterotrophs? • Autotrophs make their own food while heterotrophs have to get energy by obtaining it from other organisms.

20. What are four main things required for the process of photosynthesis? • SUNLIGHT (UV LIGHT) • CHLOROPHYLL • WATER • CARBON DIOXIDE

21. One cause of muscle soreness is the production of __________ through fermentation in our muscle cells. • LACTIC ACID

22. Cellular respiration occurs in…… • MITOCHONDRIA • ALL LIVING THINGS • EVEN PLANTS

23. What are the products of cellular respiration? • CARBON DIOXIDE • WATER • STORED ENERGY IN OUR ATP

24. The process by which a cell divides into two daughter cells is called… • CELL DIVISION

25. What are the 4 phases of mitosis (IN ORDER)? • PROPHASE • METAPHASE • ANAPHASE • TELOPHASE

26. The splitting of the cell’s cytoplasm is termed… • CYTOKINESIS

27. What is the significance of stem cells? • They have not yet become specialized, so they have the potential to become different cells in the body. If we can figure out how (and if it is ethical to) to develop these that match our cells, how to deliver them to the target part of the body, and how to program them, we would be able to potentially cure many diseases, disorders or damage done to the body.

28. What are two reasons cells remain quite small? • Keep the surface area to volume ratio low so that nutrients/wastes could effectively move in and out of the cell. • Not enough DNA to meet the needs of larger cells – DNA OVERLOAD

29. Proteins that regulate the cell cycle are called… • CYCLINS

30. __________ is a type of cell division that has the purpose of producing gametes. • MEIOSIS

31. Chemical factors that determine traits are called… • GENES

32. A Heterozygous brown rabbit is crossed with a white, homozygous recessive rabbit. The probability that the offspring will be white is…. • 25%

33. Who is the scientist that laid the foundation of the field of genetics with his study of pea plants? • MENDEL

34. What is the difference between phenotype and genotype? • Phenotype is the physical expression of a trait (what you see), while genotype refers to an organism’s alleles for a trait (their written genetic make-up).

35. How is codominance different than incomplete dominance? • Codominance is where both alleles contribute to the genotype and are both distinctly and visibly expressed, whereas incomplete dominance is where neither allele is completely dominant so the expressed trait in a heterozygous individual is in between the two homozygous phenotypes.

36. What are two differences between mitosis and meiosis? • Mitosis = one round of division, produces two identical diploid cells, used for growth/development and repair or replacement of body cells. • Meiosis = two rounds of division, produces 4 genetically different haploid cells, used for producing gametes

37. What is a mutation? • Any change in the sequence of DNA that affect genetic information

38. During transcription a DNA “gene” is converted into ... • MESSENGER RNA (mRNA).

39. During the process of translation, messenger RNA is read by a ribosome to assemble a _________ by linking together individual ___________. • PROTEIN (POLYPEPTIDE CHAIN) • AMINO ACIDS

40. DNA is double stranded and complimentary. During replication a strand that has the sequence AAGGGCATACAT would have ______ formed as its compliment. • TTCCCGTATGTA

41. How is DNA different than RNA? • Function or biological role • Double stranded vs. single-stranded • Different sugar – deoxyribose vs. ribose • RNA has U (uracil) in place of T (thymine)

42. A normal male chromosome make-up would be? Female? • 46, XY • 46, XX

43. What does a pedigree chart show? • It shows the pattern of inheritance for traits through generations of offspring.

44. What was the goal of the Human Genome Project? • Goal was to sequence the complete DNA for the human organism.

45. Transgenic organisms are those that contain __________ from a different species. What are some purposes for creating • GENES • Increasing food supply, creating cells, organs for transplant, creating large amounts of biologically important molecules

46. Gene Therapy is an effort to… • Replace or fix a faulty gene with a working one.

47. Breeders can increase genetic variation by… • INDUCING MUTATION

48. The hypothesis that species change over time by means of natural selection was proposed by… • CHARLES DARWIN

49. Darwin’s exploration of the Galapagos Islands led him to see that each island…. • Had unique species of very similar type organisms as well as environmental differences.

50. From reading Lyell and Hutton, Charles Darwin learned that the Earth… • Is very old • Is formed by processes that still operate to change the Earth today.