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Criminology II Nature and Extent of Crime Unit 3

Jessica R. Dunham, M.S. Criminology II Nature and Extent of Crime Unit 3. Announcements. Due this week: Read Chapter 3 Quiz Discussion board. Unit 2 Recap. Nationally-representative data collection consists of: UCR NCVS NIBRS Crime trends typically based on official data

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Criminology II Nature and Extent of Crime Unit 3

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  1. Jessica R. Dunham, M.S. Criminology IINature and Extent of CrimeUnit 3

  2. Announcements • Due this week: • Read Chapter 3 • Quiz • Discussion board

  3. Unit 2 Recap • Nationally-representative data collection consists of: • UCR • NCVS • NIBRS • Crime trends typically based on official data • Self-report Surveys expand the knowledge of the nature and extent of crime beyond officially reported data • However, Self-report Surveys also have methodological issues

  4. Unit 3 • This week your reading discusses the contribution of the victim to the crime incident. For the victim, this is known as victimization. In doing so, we have (or will) read about different victimization theories. • What is Victimization?

  5. Victimization • The act of being a victim of a crime • The victim’s view in a crime event • Are victimization events stable over time?

  6. (Rand & Thurman, 2010)

  7. (Rand, 2008)

  8. (Rand & Thurman, 2010)

  9. (Rand & Thurman, 2010)

  10. (Rand & Thurman, 2010)

  11. Violent Crime Victimization & Gender

  12. Victimization • NCVS victimization findings are fairly stable from year to year with a slight decline in the last couple years. • Although in decline the rates from year to year by gender are fairly consistent across genders.

  13. Victimization • Why is this stability important?

  14. Victimization • Why is this stability important? • How does it relate to research, theory construction/assessment, and crime prevention?

  15. Victimization • Stability of victimization findings allow: • Assessment of theories of victimization • Development of new theories of victimization • Development of crime prevention strategies • Development of more effective law enforcement strategies • Assessment of the detailed nature of victimization

  16. What Theories of Victimization exist?

  17. What Theories of Victimization exist? • Victim Precipitation Theory • Life Style Theory • Routine Activity Theory • Deviant Place Theory

  18. Victim Precipitation Theory • Victims utilize provocative behavior that leads to their subsequent victimization • Active vs. Passive • How do these differ?

  19. Victim Precipitation Theory • Victims utilize provocative behavior that leads to their subsequent victimization • Active vs. Passive • Active includes physical gestures or words • Passive consists of unknowing threats

  20. Lifestyle Theory • An individual’s high-risk lifestyle gives him/her a greater chance for victimization • Links victimization to both individual behavior and the social structure

  21. Lifestyle-Exposure Theory • Role Expectations and social structure impose constraints that must be adapted for smooth function in society • Lack of adaptation to society leads to a lifestyle that leads to exposure • Which can lead to victimization

  22. Lifestyle-Exposure Theory (Hindelang et al, 1978)

  23. Deviant place Theory • Individuals are more likely to become a victim because they live in areas of high social disorganization • This exposure to the criminal activities of others then leads to possible victimization • Thus, victimization is a function of place not of one’s lifestyle

  24. Routine activity Theory • Convergence in time and space of motivated offenders and suitable targets in the absence of capable guardians leads to criminal opportunity (Cohen/Felson, 1979)

  25. Routine activity Theory Victimization Occurs Because These coincide Handler Guardian Target Offender Place Manager Eck (1994)

  26. Routine activity Theory Victimization Occurs Because These coincide In the absence of effective Controllers Handler Guardian Target Offender Place Manager Eck (1994)

  27. Are these theories legitimate?

  28. How could they lead to victim-Blaming? • What is Victim-blaming?

  29. How could they lead to victim-Blaming? • What is Victim-blaming? • When the victim is held completely or partially responsible for the crime, whether informally or formally

  30. Are the theories Still Legitimate if they lead to victim-blaming?

  31. Unit 5 Mid-Term Project 12-17 slide PowerPoint presentation (including title page & references slide) • Discuss Routine Activity Theory (RAT) (do not copy my slides!) • What are the main elements (2-3 slides) • How can this theory explain how individuals/objects become victimized? (2-3 slides) • How does RAT involve concepts of rational choice theory (2-3 slides) • Discuss how Situational Crime prevention Strategies can help to reduce crime within the context of RAT (2-3 slides)

  32. Unit 5 Mid-Term Project FORMAT • Use Title slide, Outline Slide, & Reference slide • Include an Introduction & a Conclusion slide • Use examples • Cite your sources (at least 2 beyond the textbook) • 12-17 slides • Be Creative 

  33. QUESTIONS? • Reminders: • AIM = JessicaRDunham • Email = Jdunham@kaplan.edu • Phone = 317-490-8952

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