What I Should Know About Reconstruction.

1. What I Should Know About Reconstruction. What Is Reconstruction? When Was the Reconstruction Period? Why Was Reconstruction Necessary? What Was the Political Fight Over Reconstructing the South? What Were the Different Plans for Reconstruction? Who Supported Each Plan? Which Plan of Reconstruction Was Used? Was Reconstruction Successful?

2. Suffrage Franchised Disfranchised Impeachment 13th amendment 14th amendment 15th amendment Veto Pocket vetoed The solid south Andrew Johnson Black codes Wade Davis bill Radical republicans Tenure in office act Carpetbaggers Scalawags KKK Compromise of 1870 The freedmen’s bureau Reconstruction Era Terms, People and Legislation to Know.

3. The Balance Sheet of the Civil War (1861-65) • Over 600,000 dead. • Material losses exceed $10 billion. • Property. • Southern railroad almost destroyed. • Crop acreage substantially reduced. • Poverty, despair.

4. The stricken land… Farmhouses, barns, mills and railroads from Virginia to Texas had been burned and destroyed during the war. Towns had been looted and inhabitants driven out. Plantation owners lost their slave labor force, much of their property & didn’t have the capital for agricultural equipment to replace slave labor. The South Following the Civil War

5. The Southern Economy Sucks (1865-1873) • Agricultural dependence • Labor force lost • Young whites in war • Freed slaves • Poor education • Young white males to fight for cause • Blacks banned • School buildings ruined by war • Infrastructure destroyed • Railroad • Shops & businesses • Cities

6. Social Confusion in the South Following the War The war destroyed the entire of pre-war southern society. The southern aristocratic planter suddenly has little wealth and power and is reluctantly yielding influence to the bankers, merchants and small farmers. The freed Negro – makes the transition from slave to wage earner.

7. The Political Uncertainty in the South Following the War The collapse of the confederacy stopped all government processes in the south. • Local governments had to be organized from the ground up. • State governments had to establish normal relations with the federal government.

8. The Southern Way of Life for the Past 200 Years Has Ended. • The land and infrastructure is in ruin. • Agricultural production is at a low. • The social structure is changing. • The government is in disarray. Gone With The Wind 1753,2146, 12200

9. 186018701880Per Capita Agricultural Income atCurrent Prices (Dollars) 62.55 54.72 52.31Per Capita Agricultural Income atConstant Prices (Dollars) 61.59 34.34 41.46Cotton Prices (Cents Per Pound) 11.5 18.0 11.7Cotton Quantity (400 Pound Bales) 2,469,307 1,228,871 2,155,034 PER CAPITA AGRICULTURAL INCOME FOR FOUR SOUTHERN STATES, 1860-1880

10. Reconstruction of the south. First constitutional issues to settle. Did secession actually occur? Radicals = conquered province. Presidential = south never left union therefore only need to be brought back to proper place. Who has authority over reconstruction president or congress? The dispute over the increasing power of the executive branch. The president only executes laws not create legislation. The reconstruction issue becomes politically divided into two camps. Lincolns plan for reconstruction. Congressional reconstruction ( the radical republicans). How to Fix the Southern Problems Following the War.

11. The Lincoln Plan ( Toleration). • Set up provisional governments in areas where union armies are victorious. • Amnesty to all rebels (pardoning all who swear allegiance to union) except high officials. • Formation of state governments as soon as 10%of voters in 1860 election took oath of loyalty to the union. • Confederate leaders not harshly punished.

12. Claimed congressional right to control reconstruction. Imposed stiff terms. Majority must swear loyalty. Confederate soldiers and officers denied political rights. State constitution must prohibit slavery. Confederate debts not collectable. Wade Davis bill pocket vetoed by president Lincoln. Wade Davis Bill ( Congressional Reconstruction)

13. April 14th 1865 Lincoln Assassinated John Wilkes booth ( 1838-65). • Shakespearian actor. • Strong sympathizer with southern cause. • Assassinated Lincoln at fords theatre in Washington. • Shot and killed two weeks later. Lincoln plans for reconstruction.

14. Johnson Becomes President • Democrat from south (Tennessee). • Supporter of the small farmer & artisans. • Headed the loyalist government in Tennessee during civil war. • Selected as Lincoln’s vice president to balance the ticket. • Lacked the skill and ability to deal politically with congress.

15. Johnson moves forward on Lincoln plan but he had little political skill in handling an angry congress. Nevertheless Johnson (1) sets up provisional governments in north Carolina, Mississippi, Texas, Georgia, Alabama, south Carolina, and Florida. (2) authorizes loyal white citizens to ratify new constitutions and elect state legislatures to: Repeal state ordinances of secession. Ratify the 13th amendment. Which –outlaws slavery & involuntary servitude. Repudiate state confederate debt. Johnson’s Reconstruction Efforts

16. Is This the Old South Again? • A large number of confederate officials elected to congress. • The constitutional conventions ignored the 10 percent plan. • Strong push to leave question of black suffrage to states. • Passage of black codes by new southern state governments permitted.

17. What Are Black Codes? • Black codes- law that restricted freedmen’s rights and establish virtual slavery through: • Denial of voting rights. • No blacks can sit on jury or testify against whites. • Blacks are denied the right to bear arms. • Dual standards of justice established. • Curfews. • Vagrancy laws= involuntary servitude. • Labor contracts- year long contract quit prior to term = no pay. • Land restrictions- rent only homes in rural area= live on plantation. • Limits on women's rights- forced to work.

18. We Have A Problem the Congressional Reaction • In 1865 congress refused to seat the senators and representatives who had been elected by provisional government. • Article 1 of the constitution allows each house to judge the election and qualifications of its own members. • Named a joint congressional committee on reconstruction • Looked at conditions in the south • Passed legislation to help feed slaves

19. Johnson Vs. Radical Republicans ( Round 1) • Vetoed freedmen’s bureau extension. • Vetoed bill to extend suffrage to DC blacks. • Vetoed civil rights act. • Which. • Declared blacks citizens. • Prohibited states from interfering with legal & property rights.

20. Johnson Vs. Radical Republicans (Round 2) • Radical opposition to Johnson plan grows. • Able to override vetoes. • Passed new civil rights legislation outlawing discriminatory legislation. • Passed the 14th amendment.

21. The 14th Amendment • Denied right of states tom legislate discrimination. • Contained due process clause. • Promised equal protection under the law. • Threatened penalties for states who denied suffrage.

22. Johnson Vs. Radical Republicans (Round 3) • After gaining several seats in the house and senate in the election of 1866, the radical republicans push though a congressional plan for southern reconstruction. • Divide south into five military districts, giving a military commander broad power to rule each district. • To be readmitted to the union: • Each state must produce state constitution through convention process. The new constitution must: • Provide universal male suffrage.Teed to the union states must: • Popular ratification. • Approval of congress. • Disfranchisement of many rebels. • States must ratify 14th amendment.

23. Johnson Vs. Radical Republicans (Round 3)The Impeachment of Andrew Johnson • Congress passes the tenure in office act. • Reduce president control of military. • President has to has congressional approval to fire or appoint members of his cabinet. • Johnson wants to fire secretary of war Stanton ( radical republican). • Congress impeaches Johnson and is brought to trial. • Johnson acquitted by 1 vote. • Lasting impact of the Johnson trial= greater power for executive & precedent of only impeach for crimes not disagreement with congress.

24. Failure of Reconstruction • The election of 1868- a narrow victory by radicals shows without the black vote they have little public support for support their policies. • New southern governments which were organized under congressional mandate were a coalition of : • Carpetbaggers- northerners in the south who didn’t always have the most pure motives. • Scalawags- former southern democrats and Whigs joining with the radicals republicans for political or economic gain of government contracts. • Blacks – politically inexperienced but outnumber whites in number of registered voters. The new coalition government was a direct threat to the southern way of life as it had existed.

25. The Return of White Supremacy. The coalition government starts to fall apart. Violent opposition to the new southern governments and political structure. The KKK and other secret groups emerge to disfranchise the freed blacks.

26. The Compromise of 1877 Republican nominate Rutherford B Hayes. Democrats nominate Samuel J Tilden. The election results: Tilden wins the popular vote. The electoral votes are in dispute. To settle the dispute congress (republican dominated) offers up a compromise. The terms: • Southern democrats support Hayes. • Federal troops remaining in south are removed. • South governs own affairs.

27. Reconstruction Ends Why Did We Fight This War Anyway? • Ideals and promises to blacks quickly forgotten. • Reconstruction legislation forgotten or repealed. • Disfranchisement of blacks accomplished by 1900. • Social conditions for blacks remain. • American commitment to equal opportunity deferred for another century. Reconstruction ends

28. What I Should Know About Reconstruction. What Is Reconstruction? When Was the Reconstruction Period? Why Was Reconstruction Necessary? What Was the Political Fight Over Reconstructing the South? What Were the Different Plans for Reconstruction? Who Supported Each Plan? Which Plan of Reconstruction Was Used? Was Reconstruction Successful?

29. Suffrage Franchised Disfranchised Impeachment 13th amendment 14th amendment 15th amendment Veto Pocket vetoed The solid south Andrew Johnson Black codes Wade Davis bill Radical republicans Tenure in office act Carpetbaggers Scalawags KKK Compromise of 1870 The freedmen’s bureau Reconstruction Era Terms, People and Legislation to Know.

30. Major Reconstruction Legislation

32. Union Graves @ Cedare oral vote