Chapter 24: Regional Identities and the Twenty-First Century Europe

1. Chapter 24: Regional Identities and the Twenty-First CenturyEurope • Yugoslavia • Nationalism promotes disintegration in Europe • Unified by Marshall Tito after WWII • Serbia opposes breakup of Yugoslavia and engages in war and “ethnic cleansing” • US/UN intervention to end conflict • War Crimes Tribunal created to try Serbian leader Slobodan Milosevic and others

2. Africa • South Africa • First Europeans (Dutch) arrive in 1652 • British take control around 1800 • British-Dutch conflict in Boer War • British maintain harsh Dutch policies toward black South Africans • 1913 Native Land Acts restrict Africans to 13% of land • 1948 Apartheid established

3. Africa • South Africa [cont.] • African National Congress (1913) • Europeans urge racial liberalization (1950s) • ANC pursues strikes & protests (1960s) • Government cracks down & jails leaders including Nelson Mandela (1964) • By 1980s South Africa is last holdout in drive toward racial justice

4. Africa • South Africa [cont.] • South Africa a regional economic power • Sanctions worked over time despite strong economy • Ban against ANC lifted in 1990 by de Klerk; Mandela released from prison • Truth & Reconciliation Commission created to heal wounds of 30 years of conflict

5. Africa • Rwanda & Congo • Hutu-Tutsi mutual genocide harmed both states • Enmity and comity have alternated over time • Hutus were originally farmers & Tutsis, herdsmen in a society that values possession of cattle • Tutsi pre-eminence prior to colonization was reinforced by colonial powers • Hutu majority claims right to lead Rwanda • Conflict from onset of independence (1962)

6. Africa • Rwanda & Congo [cont.] • Self-exiled Tutsis invade from Uganda; genocide follows • Warfare extends into neighboring Congo • Congo a weakened nation with dying leader • Conflicts continue with political power and natural resource wealth the core issues • Outsiders support whichever group will likely provide access to natural resources

7. Latin America • Population growth in urban areas only • Rural oriented caudillo rule not suited to new conditions • Military rule replaced with democracy after 1970s • Illegal drug trade important in some states

8. Latin America • Mexico • Revolution from 1910 brought stable government, some commitment to improving life of the poor and for unifying nation under leadership of PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party) • Mexican economy tied to oil prices • Mexico signs NAFTA agreement in 1994

9. Latin America • Mexico [cont.] • Economic instability after NAFTA required IMF intervention • Revolt in Chiapas state undercuts claims of evolving cultural unity • Cultural change: Day of the Dead commemorations replaced with Trick or Treat • PRI control ended by election of Vicente Fox

10. Latin America • Brazil • Economic inequality more severe than in any other major country • Cultural traditions preserved in soccer & samba • Climate of violence in cities • Military dictatorship to 1988 • Election of “Lula” in 2002 did not live up to promise of change. Continued reliance on IMF

11. China and India • China after Mao: An Era of Reform • Deng Xiaoping pursues economic liberalism under Communist Party control • Sell off state businesses to private investors • “Small family happiness” • Jiang Zemin to power on death of Deng • China enters World Trade Organization (2001)

12. China and India • China After Mao [cont.] • Problems amidst aura of success • Distribution of wealth a problem • “Floating population” without work permits • Environmental degradation • Governmental corruption • Pride in four modernizations--a) agriculture; b) science & technology; c) industry; d) defense

13. China and India • China after Mao [cont.] • Fifth modernization--democracy--not achieved • Tienanmen Square • Falun Gong • Public health challenge in SARS health epidemic in 2002 • Accepts NGOs as long as they don’t threaten government

14. China and India • China after Mao [cont.] • Dramatic turnabouts in international relations • Growing economy put China on road to regional economic domination • Resentment toward China still widely present • Friendship emerges with USSR • Warming relations with US • Extensive participation in global cultural trends

15. China and India • India after Congress Dominance • The Mandel Commission • “Untouchables” remain an abiding challenge • Got reserved slots in government from 1935 • “Other backward Classes” (52% of population) also at issue • Commission recommends reservation of slots • Upper castes less successful in elections in N. India • Emerging flexibility in caste relations • Influence of women increasing

16. China and India • India after Congress Dominance [cont.] • Markets, the IMF & Capitalist Economics • Upper castes have entered business to offset loss of political influence • India accepts “Washington consensus” of IMF • Capitalism remains largely outside cultural values • Information technology a leading sector • Government policies a drag on business with its policies and corruption; “pro-poor” ideas on rise

17. Israel and Palestine: Jews and Arabs • Competing religious identities an important issue as Jews return in late 19th century • Politics even more important as returnees are imbued with nationalism and the desire to create a state (Zionism) • Palestine under British control--leads to colonial issues as British “divide & rule” the area

18. Israel and Palestine: Jews and Arabs • 20th century “pioneers” settle in kibbutzim • Holocaust propels development of Israel • Israel a state in 1948 • Arab-Israeli conflict begins when other Arab states refuse to absorb Palestinian refugees and settle them in camps • Era of wars ends with Camp David agreement between Sadat & Begin

19. Israel and Palestine: Jews and Arabs • Global implications of Arab-Israeli conflict tied to politics of oil • End of Soviet Union enhanced prospects for peace • Palestinian Authority signs Oslo Accords (1993)

20. Israel and Palestine: Jews and Arabs • Hopes of peace were short lived as Jewish extremist assassinates prime minister Rabin • Leadership on both sides has become more militant as Arab intifada and Jewish attempt to occupy new areas of Palestine emerge