Water Management in Turf

1. Water Management in Turf Daniel C. Bowman

2. The early bird may get the worm, but it’s the second mouse that gets the cheese

3. Why Manage Water? • It is only prudent that all turf managers assume a proactive posture and become good stewards of everyone’s water resources. If we learn how to effectively and intelligently manage our water supplies, there should be enough for everyone. What do we need to know to achieve this?

4. Background • Americans use ~2000 gal/day, compared to 12 gal/day in undeveloped countries • One egg uses 40 gal • One ear of corn, 80 gal • One pound of hamburger, 2500 gal • One automobile, 100,000 gal

5. Background • Americans use ~2000 gal/day, compared to 12 gal/day in undeveloped countries • One egg uses 40 gal • One ear of corn, 80 gal • One pound of hamburger, 2500 gal • One automobile, 100,000 gal

6. Background • 97% of the world’s water supply is in the oceans • 2% is in polar ice caps • Only 1% of the total is fresh water!

7. Background • Water is neither created or destroyed. Your cup of coffee this morning may have contained water molecules that Cleopatra bathed in. • Given that, location and timing become crucial elements of water allocation.

8. What We Need To Know • 1. How water behaves in different soils • 2. How and why turf obtains water from the soil • 3. How the plant uses and loses the water it obtains • 4. How the manager can irrigate most efficiently to replace water lost

9. Water In The Soil • Whether water is supplied through rainfall or irrigation, it can only be effective when it is able to infiltrate into the soil. Unfortunately, large amounts of water can be lost through surface runoff. How much depends on the type of soil, the topography, the moisture content, the precipitation or irrigation rate, and the presence of vegetation.

10. Water In The Soil • It makes sense to try to minimize runoff losses by improving soil structure, contouring for gentle slopes, matching irrigation to infiltration, and maintaining a good turf cover.

11. Water In The Soil • Once water has entered the soil, it tends to fill most empty pores, both macropores and micropores. Water continues to move downward, under the force of gravity, through the macropores. Eventually the macropores drain completely, and are refilled with air. Micropores, on the other hand, retain their water against the force of gravity. This is because water is both adhesive and cohesive.

12. Water In The Soil • Micropores aren’t all one, uniform size. They range from relatively large to very tiny. The force with which water is held in the pores is related to the pore size. Larger pores have just enough force to hold the water against gravity’s force, but not enough force to resist the force of roots to obtain water. The small pores hold on to their water very tightly, much more tightly than the force of gravity, and often more tightly than the force of the root to extract water from the soil.

13. Saturation • This means that only some of the micropores give up their water to the plant. Some retain their water even though the plant may be wilting from drought. We can thus identify several values with regards to soil moisture. The first is completely saturated, when all the pores are filled, as during a heavy rain. This may represent about 50% of the total soil volume

14. Field Capacity • After drainage has removed the water from the macropores, the soil is at field capacity, with water occupying perhaps 30-35% of the total volume. But the soil doesn’t stay at field capacity very long.

15. Permanent Wilting Point • Evaporation of water from the soil surface and absorption by plant roots start to deplete the water from the larger of the micropores, and the soil begins to dry out. After a while, the plant can no longer remove water from the smallest pores, and it starts to wilt. When the plant can no longer recover, even if irrigated, the soil is considered to be at the permanent wilting point, which may occur when soil water is around 10-15% of the total volume.

16. Available Water • The difference between field capacity and permanent wilting point is the amount of available water. Take the case where field capacity is 35% and the permanent wilting point is 15%. The difference, 20%, is the amount of water, expressed as a percent of total volume, which is potentially available to the plant. We can use this to guestimate the amount of water available in a given rootzone.

17. Effective Available Water • Water has to be both available to the plant, and in the rootzone, to be of any use to the plant. Water that percolates past the rootzone is lost to the plant, just as runoff is wasted. • The rootzone is thus critically important!

18. How Much Water is in Soil? • Consider a bermudagrass root system which reaches a depth of 15 inches in the soil. We can multiply 15 inches by 20%, giving us 3 inches of available water. This would probably be enough for 8-9 days in the summer, as will be discussed below. The bermudagrass root system would have access to around 3 inches of water, assuming the soil were at field capacity.

19. How Much Water is in Soil? • Now consider a bentgrass fairway, with a root system 6 inches deep in May. Multiplying 6 inches by 20% gives us 1.2 inches of available water. This would be enough water for around 4 days. Finally, lets consider the same bentgrass, but during the heat of August when the root system has decayed to only the top 2 inches of soil. Two inches multiplied by 20% give 0.4 inches of water, about enough for one day.

20. Soil Textural Class Affects How Much Water is Held by Soil

21. Changes in Soil MoistureCan you guess what is happening? Soil H2O Time

22. Localized Dry Spots (LDS) • Water won’t infiltrate, just sits on the surface. • Caused by hydrophobic conditions which develop at or near the soil surface • Similar to a waxy coating on the individual soil particles - Oil and Water don’t mix!

23. Localized Dry Spots (LDS) • Usually worse in sandy soils • Spotty, random distribution • Wetting/drying cycles make it worse

24. Coated Sand Grains Repel Water H2O H2O Uncoated Sand Grain Coated Sand Grain

25. Hydrophobic Soils H2O H2O Hydrophobic Dry Soil

26. Coping with LDS • Avoid allowing soil to dry out • Cultivation or topdressing may help by mixing hydrophobic soil with unaffected soil • Most common method is by using wetting agents

27. Wetting Agents • Similar to soaps, but they are not designed to remove the waxy coating, only mask it so that water doesn’t know the wax is there. • On small areas, can use Joy detergent mixed with water 1:1000 • For big areas, numerous commercial products

28. Wetting Agents • Can improve turf quality, root growth by maintaining adequate soil moisture • May reduce total water use, which will save $$ • Increased infiltration can mean less down time due to standing water

29. Surfactant Molecules Polar Head (attracted to H2O) Non-Polar Tail (attracted to oil, wax etc)

30. Wetting Agents Surfactant Molecule H2O Waxy Coating on Sand Grain

31. Plant Water • Plants require water for one major reason and one minor reason. The vast majority of water the plant absorbs from the soil is actually lost as water vapor from the leaves, to the atmosphere, by the process of transpiration. Transpiration occurs through the leaf stomates, and is very important because it cools the leaf.

32. Plant Water • If not for transpirational cooling, a leaf could reach a temperature of 120o F during midsummer. This temperature would easily kill most plants. Fortunately, transpiration keeps leaf temperatures much cooler, usually below 90o. A small amount of water that is absorbed is actually used to build new tissues, but for every ounce of water used to fill up new tissues, around 300-400 ounces of water are lost to the atmosphere.

33. Plant Water • Roots absorb water from the soil and transport the water to the shoot through the xylem. But how? We understand about the force of gravity pulling water out of the macropores, but how does a root exert a force on water to pull it out of the micropores? To understand how this happens, we need to understand a few rules about water.

34. Plant Water • First, water runs downhill. It flows from a position of high energy (the top of the hill) to a position of lower energy (the bottom of the hill). Sometimes there aren’t any hills involved, but water can still exist in high energy and low energy states. This is the case in the soil/root environment.

35. Plant Water • Soil water at field capacity can be considered fairly high energy. The water in a root is fairly low energy. Thus, there is a natural tendency for water to flow from the soil and into the root. How does it get to the shoot?

36. Plant Water • The second rule about water is that it is sticky. It sticks to itself, which is called cohesion. Consider what happens when you suck water through a straw, even a real long one. The water is pulled up against the force of gravity, in a continuous column.

37. Plant Water • The force to pull the water is the vacuum, or negative pressure, created by your mouth. All the water behind the leading edge is “sticking” to the water in front of it, and being pulled along. This ability to pull long columns of water up, against gravity, is fundamental to getting water up inside a plant.

38. Plant Water • It may be helpful to think about all the water in a plant as part of one gigantic mega-molecule. All the water is connected because water sticks to the adjacent water. Plants lose water through their stomates as a gas. This is like sucking on a straw. The water lost through the stomates exerts a pull on the mega-molecule in the plant. In other words, transpiration gives the rest of the water in the plant a little tug.

39. Stomata

40. The Stomatal Cavity

41. Plant Water • There is one big continuum of water from the soil, through the root, up the stem, and into the leaf. When you tug at one end, the other end feels the tug. Eventually the soil water may be nearly depleted, approaching the permanent wilting point. At this point, the plant is unable to get soil water to move quickly to the root, no matter how hard it “pulls”. Water is still being lost through the leaves, but isn’t being replaced from the soil. The result is a water deficit, or wilting.

42. Plant Water Potential  is symbol for water potential plant = osmotic + turgor -6 bars = -8 bars + 2 bars

43. -8 bars Water Moves from Higher to Lower Potentials -1000 bars Air Shoot -6 bars Root Well-Watered Conditions Soil -4 bars

44. -13 bars Soil Water Potential MayLimit H2O Uptake -1000 bars Air Shoot Root -12 bars Drought Conditions Soil -18 bars

45. Drought Symptoms • Curling of leaves in some species • Gray or blue color develops • Footprinting • Wilting • Death

46. Coping with Drought • Avoidance • Tolerance • Escape

47. Avoidance • Usually the first response. Plants adapt to avoid internal water deficits - eg. Deeper, more extensive roots to absorb more water, closing of stomates or thicker cuticles to reduce water loss.

48. Tolerance • When water deficit does occur in the plant, some have the ability to tolerate it. They do this by maintaining turgor pressure in the cells via osmotic adjustment. This is probably secondary in importance in turf.

49. Escape • Annual species avoid drought altogether by surviving the period as a seed. Some warm season grasses, and KBG can survive extended periods in a dormant condition.

50. How Much Water Does Turf Use? • It depends on the environment, the turf species, management practices, and soil moisture. Environmental factors that control water loss (evapotranspiration) are: Temperature Relative Humidity Wind speed Light Intensity (Radiation)