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Babyhood • Babyhood extends from the end of the second week of life to the end of the second year. Hurlock (1982) cites that infancy, compared to babyhood, is characterized by extreme helplessness. The word toddler has been increasingly used to denote a baby that has achieved enough control of his body to permit relative independence, such as moving about, feeding himself, etc.
Characteristics of Babyhood • It is the true foundation age, • an age of rapid growth and change, • an age of increasingly independency, • the age of heightened individuality, • the foundation period for socialization, • the foundation period for sex-role typing, • an appealing age, • the foundation period for creativity, • a hazardous age.
Development Tasks of Babyhood • Learning to walk • Learning to take solid foods • Having organs of elimination under partial control • Achieving reasonable physiological stability especially in hunger rhythm and sleep • Relating emotionally to parents and siblings • Learning the foundations of speech • Learning sex differences • Getting ready to read • Learning to distinguish between right and wrong and developing a conscience
Video : Babies Trailer From: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1vupEpNjCuY
Q: What are some good strategies for helping the babies develop in physically competent ways?
Babyhood Physical Development • Body changes: Body Size Birth weight doubles, triples, and quadruples by 4 months , 12 months, and 24 months Height increases by about a foot (about 30 centimeters) in the first two years.
Teeth The lower central incisors tend to precede the upper central incisors and the upper lateral incisors to precede the lower laterals. First tooth to erupt is the lower central incisor, followed by the upper central, the upper lateral, and lower lateral incisors.
Sleep 1st months: 20 hours per day to sleep; with maturation, about 3-4 months, sleep becomes regular, dreaming becomes less common, and distinct sleep-wake patterns develop. Sleep is influenced by age , characteristics of the particular baby, and social environment. Regular and ample sleep correlates with normal brain maturation, learning, emotional regulation, academic success, and psychological adjustment.
Nutrition Infants need to consume about 50 calories per day for each pound they weigh. In the first 6 months, human milk or an alternative formula is the baby’s source of nutrition. A major change in the second year is the introduction of solid food. Infant cereal is introduced because of the high iron content. And fruits, vegetables, and meats go after.
Toilet training Twenty months to two years is the recommended time to begin toilet training so that it gets accomplished before the “terrible twos”. Toilet training should not be done in a harsh, rigid way, but in a warm, relaxed, supportive manner.
Brain Development Brain growth is rapid during the first months of life, when dendrites and the synapses within the cortex increase exponentially. By age 2 the brain already weighs three-fourths of its adult weight. Pruning of underused and unconnected dendrites begins in the sensory and motor areas and then occurs in other areas. Although some brain development is maturational, experience is also essential—both the universal experiences that almost every infant has (experience-expectant brain development) and the particular experiences that reflect the child’s family or culture (experience-dependent brain development).
Video: Stimulating Brain Growth and Development • From: http://video.about.com/giftedkids/Stimulating-Your-Baby-s-Brain.htm
Sensation and Motor Development The five senses (seeing, hearing, smelling, tasting, touching) function at birth, although hearing is far superior to vision, probably because of experience: the fetus has much more to hear than to see. After birth, vision develops rapidly, leading to binocular vision at about the 14th week. By one year, infants heed stimuli from all the sense organs; sensitive perception and preferences for the familiar are evident. The senses work together and are particularly attuned to human interaction.
Sensory and motor skills follow a genetic and maturational timetable, but they are also powerfully influenced by experiences, guided by caregivers and culture, and by practice, which infants do as much as their immature and top-heavy bodies allow. Fine motor skills, especially hand skills, mature over the first two years, although many more years of practice and maturation are needed.
Video: Child Development • From: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY
There are 2 directions of motor development: ---Cephalocaudal development Head to foot --the head, neck, and upper parts to develop before the legs ---Proximodistal development Center to outlying parts ---From trunk or torso, then shoulders, hand and finally fingers http://www.slideshare.net/nva226/psychology-babyhood
Baby Crawling: Everything you want to know • From: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RdBDqQwsjsE
Q: What are some good strategies for helping the babies develop in a cognitively competent way?
Cognitive Development • In fancy, they don’t understand that objects exist even when hidden from view. a thing only exists when they see or feel it. • During the second year of life, a child acquires “object permanence” and start to search for objects in different places • They’re more curious and if the new object they find is better than the previous one, it holds their attention.
Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory on Babyhood Sensorimotor stage: progression in the babies’ ability to organize and coordinate sensations with physical movements. Piaget discovered, described, and then celebrated active infant learning, which he described in six stages of sensorimotor intelligence. Babies use their senses and motor skills to gain an understanding of their world, first with reflexes and then by adaption through assimilation and accommodation. Thinking develops before infants have the motor skills through which they can execute thoughts. Object Permanence It refers to the development of the ability to understand that objects and events continue to exist even though the baby no longer is in contact with them
Information processing perspective It emphasizes the importance of cognitive processes such as attention, memory and thinking. And babies’ perception is powerfully influenced by particular experiences and motivation, so the affordances perceived by one infant differ from those perceived by another. Memory depends on both brain maturation and experience.
Language Development • First language of a child is crying express hunger, pain, anger, fear, etc • Then “cooing” “Chuckles” –4 Months Yawning, guttural sounds, growls, etc • Then babbling---6 to 9 months “da”, “na”, “ma” • Then syllable-word languages usually the last syllable is said—12 to 18 months “Ma” for mama, “di” for daddy, “tay” for tatay • At around one year, they can say a word, usually “Mama”. Vocabulary accumulates slowly at first, but then more rapidly with the naming explosion and with the emergence of the holo-phrase and the two-word sentence.
Prespeech Forms of Communication • Crying—Hurlock considers it to be the very first piece of human behavior that has social value. • Cooing and Babbling—the baby’s vocal mechanisms develop, becomes capable of producing explosive sounds which develop into babbling or lallation. • Gesturing—this develop and is used by the baby not to supplement but to substitute for his speech. • Emotional expressions—the most effective prespeech forms of communication.
Video: What Babies cry means • From: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nv3-74EFtWQ
Video: talking twin babies From: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JmA2ClUvUY
Development of Understanding • Acquired through maturation and learning an understanding of what they observe and this depends largely on two factors: level of intelligence and previous experience. • Important Concepts that develop in babyhood are those related to: • 1. space 2. weight 3. Time 4. Self 5. Sex-role 6. social 7. Beauty 8. The Comic
Video: 11 Months old Twins Dancing to Daddy • From: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=to7uIG8KYhg
Q: What are the best ways to nurture babies’ socioemotional development competencies?
Socioemotional Development • Starts to show emotion love, anger, fear, curiosity, joy, affection • Learns love when they’re cradled in their mothers arms and when she sings them to sleep. • If baby becomes separated from mother when they have a strong relationship, the child starts to display negative behaviors Crying, searching, aggressive and panic behavior, etc
Emotional Development • Dr Fernando Hofilena (1983), “How babies learn to love”. It is at feeding time that the baby receives the earliest lesson in love, along with the earliest stimulation of his intellect. • Babies may show profound disturbances in health and in motor, social, and language development as was found in a study by Rene Spitz (1983). • Common emotional patterns shown in babyhood: anger, fear, curiosity, joy and affection
Development of socialization • For toddlers, friendship involves as element of choice. An important indication of a first friendship is preference for one particular child over all other kids. Another sign is sharing happiness, even joy, when the toddlers greet each other. • Signs: banging spoons on a table simultaneously, using the same color of crayons to draw similar patterns or figures, or playing with similar, if not identical toys. Kimberly Whaley believes that the exact mimicking show an awareness between the children and acts to forge a connection that excludes others and creates a history for them. all the relationship sprang up between boys and girls, rather than children of the same sex.
Play • Frank and Theresa Caplan consider it abnormal for a child not to play since playing is a valuable way for a child to absorb information, learn skills, and aid his personal development. • Play patterns of babyhood Sensorimotor play, exploratory play, imitative play, make-believe/ Fantasy play, Games, Amusement
Moral Development • Babies are neither moral nor immoral but non-moral since they have not yet formed a scale of values and a conscience. According to Hurlock, it is in terms of the pleasure or pain it brings them rather than on the basis of the effects it has on others. • Morality by constraint-automatic obedience to rules without reasoning or judgment • Interest in sexuality • Barbara Rutter (1996), sensitivity to sexual stimulation is present at birth, and that erections are often noted in newborn males.
Video: Shake, Shake, Baby Teething Music • From: • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1j6O9Jkph0g
