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The Renaissance . Standard. Standard 3: History: WORLD HISTORY-Understand important historical events from classical civilization through the present. Benchmark.
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Standard • Standard 3: History: WORLD HISTORY-Understand important historical events from classical civilization through the present.
Benchmark • Examine the major developments in European cultural and intellectual history, including the Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment, and Scientific Revolution.
Definition and What was it? • Definition: Rebirth of Greek, Roman knowledge, new applications of it. • Importance of individual • Celebration of humanity • Secular/worldly focus
When did it happen? • 1350s to 1550, Europe. • What happened in Europe prior to this time?
Why Did it Start? • Black Death caused doubt Catholic Church’s power. • Caused people to look at how to improve lives on earth. • Crusaders brought back Greek, Roman knowledge from East (Byzantine Empire and Arabic ones). • Economies of Europe re- developed after Crusades. • Why? What did the Crusaders bring back as well?
Geography-Where did it Start • Started in Florence, Italy. • Why?-Due to Roman influence, wealth of merchants, cities survived Middle Ages. • Spread throughout Europe.
Geography (Con’t) • Italy-divided into city-states. • What other civilization was like this? • Made their money off lucrative trade from Middle East to Europe. • Served as “middlemen.” • Became wealthy, could afford to pay people to make art pieces.
Government and Politics • City-states • Communes-association of local merchant guilds that took care of most city services. Had to own land to be a citizen. • New economic elite-merchants and nobles were now at the top, new social structure. • The people: artisans and lesser merchants who had heavy taxes, eventually pushed for changes. • Oligarchies and dictatorships • Condottieri-mercenaries who kept order in the city-states. A group of condottieri
Government-Florence • Center of banking, textiles • Bankers for papacy • The gold florin • Nominally a republic, but controlled by an oligarchy of bankers and merchants
Florence-The Medici Family • Powerful bankers • Ruled Florence for most of the 15th century • Cosimo de Medici-first ruler of the Medici Dynasty. • Ruled behind the scenes to keep up the appearance of a Republic. Who else did that? • Patrons of arts • Patron-someone who paid a lot of money for a piece of artwork. Cosimo de Medici
Government-Milan • Milan important because at juncture of several important trade routes. • Effective tax system for prosperity. • The Visconti family-first ruling dynasty. • Territorial expansion • Through peaceful means, purchase or surrender. Milanese ruler Gian Galeazzo Visconti
Venice • Major center of trade-location and special privileges. • Major crossroads between east and west, supplying Europe with the goods. • Doge-was an elected official. • Merchant oligarchy-real rulers. Customs House and entrance to the Grand Canal (Venice)
Rome and the Papal States • Renaissance popes: both religious and political leaders • During the Renaissance, the Papacy became more political and secular • They were also huge patrons of the arts. A distant view of Vatican City in Rome
Naples • Only kingdom in Italy during the Renaissance • Vassal state of Rome • More feudal than other city-states. • No dominant merchant class. • Was eventually ruled by the Spanish. Statue depicting the coronation of the Neapolitan king Ferdinand I
Religion and Philosophy • Roman Catholicism-dominant religion in Europe. • Became major patron of arts, architecture. • Thinkers focused on human experience in life rather than life after death. • Humanism-focus on worldly and individual rather than spiritual things. • Humanities-subjects like history, grammar, poetry. • Significance-led to the breaking of the power of the Catholic Church over people.
Communication • Only the religious authorities, nobility, and wealthy merchants knew Latin. • Only ones who could afford books as well. • Rest of the people spoke in vernacular languages. • Religious authorities controlled what was printed and what was taught.
Communication-The Printing Press • First invented by Chinese in 1046 ACE. • Johann Gutenberg invented first moveable type printing press for Europe in mid-1400s. • Significance: • Printed works cheaper, available • Increased literacy in Europe • Helped spread new ideas • Led to breaking of power of Church. A replica of Gutenberg’s printing press
Technology and Innovation-Social Innovation-Patronage • Financial support of artists • Means for wealthy and powerful to compete socially with one another • Types of patronage • first, a patron could commission an artist to create a specific work • second, an artist would take up residence in a patron’s household and create several works for that patron. Wealthy Renaissance merchants, as depicted in a fresco by artist Domenico Ghirlandaio
Political Innovation-Machiavelli • The Prince • Advised rulers to use force or deceit if necessary • Better for rulers to be feared than loved • Do rulers use this idea today?
Social Innovation-Women and the Renaissance • Education-upper class women got same education as boys. • Humanistic: Latin and Greek, etc. • Were expected to be social figureheads of the house. • Roles as patrons of the arts-became patrons. • Women political leaders in Italy Caterina Sforza Isabella d’Este
Military Technology • Rise of gunpowder as a weapon. • Rise of matchlock rifles. • Rise of cannon replacing catapults and ballista. • Still used mainly Medieval weapons (mace, pike, bow, sword, dagger). • Mounted cavalry still needed.
Trade and Economy • International trade between Europe, the Middle East, and Asia. • City-state merchants, mainly Venice, served as the middlemen to bring the goods from the Middle East and Asia to Western Europe. • Currency based economies now. • Rise of bankers and merchants.
Art and Leisure-Renaissance Art:Techniques and Themes • Increasing focus on secular • Realistic looking figures and scenes • Perspective/depth • Sense of movement, activity • Symmetry/proportionality • Shading for realism
Art Prior to Renaissance • Mainly showed religious figures. • In two dimensions. • Lacked proportion, perspective.
Comparing Medieval Art and Renaissance Art Middle Ages Renaissance
Renaissance Sculpture • Classical influences • Realistic-looking faces • Implies respect for individuality. • Symmetry/proportionality • Sense of movement/activity
Donatello • Considered to be greatest sculptor of early Renaissance • Work showed power expression. • Influenced later artists like Michelangelo. • Famous work: David • First free standing statue during Renassiance. • Creates an ideal of physical beauty with fine and accurate details and proportions of the human body.
Leonardo • Considered to be the genius of Renaissance. • Renaissance Man-master of many things. • Kept a notebook on weapons, human anatomy, etc. • Both a sculptor and a painter. • Famous works: Mona Lisa, Last Supper. • Both use perspective and symmetry.
The Mona Lisa • Da Vinci’s best known piece and considered to be greatest piece of Renaissance artwork. • Not exactly sure who this is a painting of. • Sfumato painting technique-slight blurring or blending in order to create a sense of mystery.
Raphael • Known for use of depth, perspective. • Created work for Vatican. • Famous works: Pope Leo X With Two Cardinals, The School of Athens.
The School of Athens • Makes effective use of symmetry. • Decreasing arches provide a sense of depth. • Contains philosophers from Ancient Greece, made them look like Renaissance artists. • Implying that Renaissance artists were inheritors and equal of the Ancient Greeks.
Michaelangelo • Considered to be greatest artistic genius during Renaissance. • Painted, sculpted, and created architectural designs. • Famous works: Sistine Chapel ceiling, The Last Judgment, and the statue of David. • Was architect for St. Peter’s Basilica.
Renaissance-Architecture • Adopted columns, domes, and arches-the Classical influence. • Used more circles-seen as geometric perfection. • Mathematical harmony-revealed proportion and divinely created order. • Rejected Gothic architecture.
Famous Architect (Brunelleschi) • Built the dome of the Cathedral of Florence. • One of the greatest architectural creations. • Drew inspiration from the Pantheon, invented a new method of construction. • Built two domes, one inside of the other, and interlocking brick-laying technique.
Famous Architect (Bramante) • Considered to be the greatest Renaissance architect. • Built the Tempietto, on the spot where St. Peter was supposedly killed. • Used Doric columns, precise math proportions, and circular shape. • Reminiscent of ancient Roman temples.
Renaissance-Literature • Vernacular-everyday language. • E.g. Italian, French, English. • New works written in. • Prior, educated could read b/c of Latin. • Shakespeare, Dante, Machiavelli, Cervantes • Commented on events of time, helped shape culture, society, gave voice to ideals of humanism. • Led people becoming educated. • Broke power of Church.
Conflict • The city-states fought with each other for more land. • Alliances shifted, depending on the needs of the city-states. • Popes also waged war to gain more land and political power. • Internal strife within the city-states as well.
The Italian Wars • 1494–1559 • European powers fought for control of various Italian city-states • Helped spread the Renaissance to western Europe Entry of the French king Charles VIII into Florence at the start of the Italian Wars
War Between Venice and Genoa • Genoa began to encroach upon Venetian trade routes. • Venice declared war to protect its trade routes. • Venice won and saw Genoa decline.
The Pazzi Conspiracy • 1478-Florence. • Plot by powerful, rival, banking families with the encouragement of the pope to assassinate Lorenzo de Medici and his brother. • Lorenzo survived, brother died. • Conspirators were killed by angry crowd.
