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Triangulation

Triangulation. First used by Campbell and Fiske in 1959. Denzin in 1989 identified four different types. Data Triangulation Investigator triangulation Theoretical triangulation Methodological Triangulation Kimchi, Polivka, and Stevenson (1991) have suggested a fifth type

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Triangulation

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  1. Triangulation • First used by Campbell and Fiske in 1959. • Denzin in 1989 identified four different types. • Data Triangulation • Investigator triangulation • Theoretical triangulation • Methodological Triangulation • Kimchi, Polivka, and Stevenson (1991) have suggested a fifth type • Multiple Triangulation

  2. Data Triangulation • Collection of data from multiple sources • Intent is to obtain diverse views of the same phenomenon. (Longitudinal is different and is looking for change) • Validate data by seeing if it occurs from different sources

  3. Investigator Triangulation • Two or more investigators with different research backgrounds examining the same phenomenon • Clarifies disciplinary bias • Adds to validity of data

  4. Theoretical Triangulation • Using all the theoretical interpretations that could conceivably be applied to a given area • Each view is critically examined for utility and power • Increased the confidence of the hypothesis • Can lead to even greater T. F. beliefs

  5. Methodological Triangulation • The use of two or more research methods in a single study • Design level • Data collection level • Two major types • Within-method (all are one philosophy) • Across-method (across philosophies)

  6. Pros and Cons of Triangulation • Very trendy in the 90’s • Can be used with smaller N • Combined methods may just be the rise of a new method • There are philosophical risks • Complex designs and therefore complex analysis

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