PEACE & WAR IN EUROPE 1919 - 1945

1. PEACE & WAR IN EUROPE1919 - 1945 To examine the end of the First World War.

2. The first World War began in 19__ and ended in November 19__. Afterwards the victorious allies made a peace conference in January 19__. Make two columns in your copy for victorious and losing countries: • Write down four changes which the war produced. • Which of the four changes was the most important? Why?

3. THE PARIS PEACE CONFERENCE It was attended by: President Wilson of the USA wanted Germany to be treated fairly and suggested a League of Nations to keep peace. David Lloyd George, prime minister of Britain, wanted to impose harsh terms on Germany. President Clemenceau of France wanted revenge for France; he wanted to keep Germany weak. • The conference was held after Britain, France, and the USA defeated Germany and Austria-Hungary in World War I. They had two problems to deal with: • What to do about Germany. • How to stop war breaking out again.

4. Treaty of Versailles • The Treaty of Versailles was made with Germany. • The Rhineland was demilitarised (no German soldiers could be there). • Germany lost the Polish Corridor to Poland. • Union with Austria (Anschluss) was forbidden. • The German army was reduced to 100,000 soldiers. • Germany had to accept the War Guilt Clause (admit it caused the war). • Germany had to pay reparation (compensation) of £6.6 billion to the victorious allies. • Germany had to sign the Treaty, but Germans were very angry with the terms.

5. Treaty of Versailles • The two aims of the treaty were to decide what to do with Germany and to make sure that war did not break out again. • Do you think that their way of treating Germany (a) helped or (b) hindered that aim? Write a short paragraph explaining your answer.

6. League of Nations • The League of Nations was the idea of President Wilson and was set up to maintain peace between countries. The League had its headquarters in Geneva; it had an Assembly where decisions had to be unanimous and a Council where decisions also had to be unanimous. The League sorted some small disputes between countries, but it could not stop bigger countries doing what they wanted to do. • Italy invaded Abyssinia (Ethiopia). • Japan invaded Manchuria (China). • Hitler and Germany often broke the rules of the Treaty of Versailles.

7. League of Nations Copy the diagram of the League of Nations. Write a sentence each on the work of the Assembly and the Council.

8. League of Nations • The League of Nations failed because: • The League had no army; it only used sanctions or boycotts to force countries to follow its decisions. • The Council and Assembly had to be unanimous. • The most powerful countries (such as the USA) were not members. What is the message of the picture?

9. DEMOCRACY & DICTATORSHIP • A democracy is a form of government in which the people, either directly or indirectly, take part in governing. The word democracy originates from Greek, and means rule of the people. • A dictatorship is a country, government, or the form of government in which absolute power is exercised by a single person. • Can you think of examples of both?

10. DEMOCRACY & DICTATORSHIP • After the First World War most countries in Europe were democracies, where citizens could freely elect government and say and do what they wanted. • By the 1930s many democracies were replaced by dictatorships, where only one party and one leader were allowed and people were restricted in what they said and did. After the First World War, Britain France and America said that they were fighting for democracy and they encouraged Europeans to form democratic governments.

11. RUSSIA • T___ N_______ II was ruler of Russia until the revolution in 1917. Led by L_____, Russians overthrew him because they were unhappy about the d_____ and p______ following World War I. L_____ was the leader of the c________ party. C_________ believed that all industry should be owned by the people who worked in them. This idea was popular with the public but did not work well as members of the c________ party were put in charge of industries and a s_____ p_____ threatened anyone who disagreed. After L_____’s death, S_____ took over. He took away farms and forged state owned farms called c__________. The secret police killed about __ million farmers. Millions of people worked in l_____ c____ as slaves and made Russia a p_______ country.

12. RUSSIA • Both Lenin and Stalin were communist dictators. They had total control over Russia, as they were the only choice in elections. • They both used propaganda to promote their image and the image of Communist Russia. Look at the following examples:

18. RUSSIA • Communism uses state Socialism to carry out social justice Fascism uses State Socialism to control production, to benefit, the state, or a certain ethnic group.

19. IDENTIFY THE RULE OF EUROPEAN COUNTRIES IN 1930s (see map on p77)

20. ITALY & MUSSOLINI • Mussolini founded the Fascist Party, also known as the Blackshirts after World War 1. He rose to power because: • Italy suffered during WW1 and they did not get land during the Treaty of Versailles. • The economy suffered, with high unemployment and inflation. • Businesses wanted a strong leader to stop the spread of communism.

21. ITALY & MUSSOLINI • The Fascist Party grew stronger as they used violence against socialists. • The March on Rome – The Fascists planned a March on Rome to demand a place in government. The king (Victor Emmanuel) was tired of changes in government, so he asked Mussolini to be Prime Minister of Italy. Fasces symbol of Mussolini’s Fascist Party

22. ITALY & MUSSOLINI • Mussolini developed a dictatorship: • He passed a law that said that the party who got the majority of votes would get two thirds of the seats in the next parliament. Fascists were the largest party. • The socialist leader was murdered by the Fascists and the Socialist party withdrew from parliament. • All political parties, other than the Fascist party were banned. • He set up a secret police – OVRA. • He controlled the press and radio. • Propaganda was important to Mussolini: • He called himself Il Duceand promoted himself. • He got the media to promote the Fascist party. • Schools and youth organisations praised Mussolini. • Fascist changes and achievements: • Improved road system – autostrade • Drained the Pontine Marches near Rome. • Promoted the Battle for Grain and the Battle for Births. • The Lateran Treaty made peace with the Catholic Church.

23. ITALY & MUSSOLINI • FOREIGN POLICY: • He wanted to expand Italy’s power around the Mediterranean Sea and invaded Abyssinia. • Mussolini and Hitler improved their relations through the Rome-Berlin Axis and the Pact of Steel, which made them allies in war. • Italy was weak in World War II and were supported by the Germans. • When the Allies invaded Italy, Mussolini was captured and killed by Italians who were opposed to him.

24. TASK • I found the Italian dictator a very different man from Hitler. Short in stature (height) but with an air of great authority (power), his massive head gave an impression of great strength of character. He handled people like a man used to having his orders obeyed but displayed an immense charm. Mussolini was calm and dignified and spoke excellent German and French. • This is what a German wrote about Mussolini in 1933. • Pick out four things that the German said about Mussolini. • Do you think the German approved or disapproved of Mussolini? Explain. • Can you suggest any reason why this German was writing about Mussolini.

25. GERMANY • What was Germany like after the Versailles Treaty?

26. G______ lost the First World War. As it ended, the e______ was replaced by a new d_________ government. But this government had a b__ start. It had to tell the G_____ armies to surrender and it had to sign the hated T_____ of V_________. • Because of this, many G______ did not like the d_________ government. They thought it had ruined G______. They turned to a f______ party founded by an ex-soldier, A____ Hitler. It was called the N___ party.

27. WHY DID HITLER RISE TO POWER? • The weakness of the Weimar Republic – This was the government in place after World War 1 and it was blamed for the harsh terms of Versailles. • The Great Depression – After the Wall Street Crash in 1929, German unemployment rose to 6 million. • Hitler’s Nazi Party – Became the largest party in Germany through democratic elections before becoming fascist. • Hitler’s policies – He had popular policies on Versailles and unemployment which were against the Weimar Republic. • Propaganda – He was a great public speaker and created a powerful public image. • The SA (Brownshirts) and the SS (Blackshirts) used violence to attack opposition parties. • Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on 30th January 1933.

28. DICTATORSHIP • Hitler called an election and the SA and SS attacked opposition parties. Hitler increased his seats. • Hitler banned the Communist Party. • Hitler passed the enabling law, which allowed him to rule by decree. • Hitler banned trade unions and used the Gestapo to put down opposition. • Hitler used the SS to kill the leader of the SA, Rohm, and others who threatened his power in the Night of the Long Knives – a series of political murders. • When Hindenburg died, Hitler made himself president as well as chancellor of Germany. Der Fϋhrer (the Leader).

29. PROPAGANDA • Goebbels became the minister for Propaganda. He controlled the press, radio, newspapers and cinema. He controlled the news they sent out. • Hitler was glorified in a cult of personality. • The Nuremberg Rallies and torchlight parades were held. • Hitler Youth and the League of German Maidens.

30. PROPAGANDA Hitler – I will free Germany! The SA

31. PROPAGANDA League of German Maidens Healthy parents have healthy children

32. THE NAZI ECONOMY • Hitler improved the German economy: • Reduced unemployment from 6 million to no unemployment by 1939. • Autobahns (motorways) • Building of military vehicles. Conscription to the army.

33. HOMEWORK: • Complete exercise 21 on page 103. • Due on Thursday.

34. THE NAZIS AND THE JEWS • Hitler hated the Jews (anti-Semitism). • The Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of German citizenship, banned their marriage to non-Jews and forced them to wear the Star of David. • In the Night of the Broken Glass (Kristallnacht), Jewish shops and synagogues were attacked and 90 Jews were killed. • Many Jews emigrated, including Albert Einstein.

35. THE NAZIS AND THE JEWS • During World War II, Hitler undertook the mass murder of Jews. This was called the Final solution by the Nazis; it is now called the Holocaust. • Jews were rounded up in ghettoes and concentration camps, such as Auschwitz. • Himmler’s SS organised their execution, beginning with the gassing of women, children and older men. • Others were used as slave labour until they died. • Some were buried in mass graves and others were burnt in ovens. • About 6 million Jews were killed.

36. THE NAZIS AND THE JEWS • When Hitler became dictator of Germany, he passed laws against Jewish people. • Write down three of those laws. • If you were a Jew at that time, which of the laws would you dislike most? Explain your choice. • Draw a star of David. What did Nazis do with it? Where might you see the Star today? • What was a ghetto? When were Jewish people herded into ghettos?

37. PEOPLE IN HISTORY • Imagine that you are a member of the Nazi Party. Describe what life was like in Germany under Hitler.

38. MOVE TO WAR: 1933 – 39 • HITLER’S AIMS IN FOREGIN POLICY: • Make Germany greater and full of German-speaking people. • To gain Lebensraum (living space) in Eastern Europe for raw materials and food. • To destroy the Treaty of Versailles. • FOREIGN POLICY IN ACTION: • The Saar (coal producing area given to France after WW1) voted to return to Germany. • Rearmament of military with conscription and building war vehicles. • Sending troops into the Rhineland. • Hitler improved relations with Mussolini.

39. HITLER & MUSSOLINI • ROME-BERLIN AXIS – Allowed Hitler to takeover Austria in the Anschluss. • PACT OF STEEL – Commitment to help each other in war.

40. MOVE TO WAR: 1933 – 39 • Britain and France followed a policy of appeasement where they gave into Hitler’s demands in order to prevent a war. They thought Germany had been treated badly in the Versailles Treaty and wanted to prevent a repetition of WW1. Do you think appeasement was a good idea? Explain your answer.

41. MOVE TO WAR: 1933 – 39 • Hitler demanded the Sudetenland – a German speaking area – from Czechoslovakia. They refused but were forced to hand it over following the Munich Conference in order to prevent war. • Hitler signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact with Stalin, which included a 10 year non-aggression pact and an agreement to divide Poland. • Hitler demanded the Polish Corridor, which separated most of Germany from East Prussia. Poland refused. Hitler ordered the invasion of Poland on 1st September 1939. • Two days later, Britain and France declared war on Germany and World War II had begun.

42. GERMAN VICTORIES: 1939 – 45 • What was the phoney war? • Why did Hitler attack Denmark and Norway? • What happened at Dunkirk? • What was Operation Sealion? • What was the Blitz? • What was Operation Barbarossa?

43. What were the different types of warfare used by the Nazis and the British? Which do you think was the most effective? Explain your answer.

44. GERMAN VICTORIES: 1939 – 45 • America joined the war when Japan attacked Pearl Harbour in December 1941. • THE WAR AT SEA: Britain and America won the war at sea (Battle of the Atlantic) because of increased shipbuilding and they cracked the German codes. • THE WAR IN THE AIR: Both Britain and Germany bombed each other resulting in huge civilian casualties.

45. THE ALLIES ADVANCE: 1942 – 1945 • The allies advanced through Italy, killing Mussolini. • The Soviet Union advanced from the East. • On the 6th June 1944 (D Day – Operation Overlord), the Allies planned a landing on the coast of Normandy. • They advanced to Paris and ultimately Berlin. • Hitler committed suicide in his bunker in Berlin as the Allied armies closed in. Germany surrendered.

47. WHY DID THE ALLIES WIN THE WAR? • Larger population and larger armies. • American tanks, planes and weapons. • The allies produced more oil than the Germans. • The Allies won the major battles of the war – Battle of Britain, Stalingrad, D-Day.

48. RESULTS OF THEWAR

49. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS • Re-write the following sentences with the missing words: • Mussolini’s followers were known as the _______. • After World War 1, many Italians were unhappy with the Treaty of _______. • Many businessmen feared the spread of _______ and therefore supported fascism. • After the March on _______, Mussolini was appointed prime minister of Italy. • The _______ Treaty, signed with the Pope in 1929, recognised the Vatican City as an independent state. • In 1935, the Italians invaded _______. • Give two reasons why Hitler came to power in Germany in January 1933. • Explain three of the following terms relating to Germany under Nazi control 1933 – 39: The Enabling Act; The Night of the Long Knives; The Nuremberg Laws, Kristallnacht; The Gestapo.

50. LONG ANSWER QUESTIONS • Give two reasons why fascism became popular in Europe in the 1920s and 1930s. • Give two reasons why Germans were dissatisfied with the Versailles settlement. • Name two European countries created after World War 1. • Write an account of one of the following: • The Blitz, 1940 • Operation Barbarossa • The Holocaust