Overview of This Unit

Overview of This Unit • Semiotics • Speech Codes Theory • Why Argue About Pointless Matters? • Why do we Misunderstand? • Nonverbal

Languages • Semiotics Sign Signifier – the image Signified – the idea

Be Productive

Four Freedoms

Be Productive

Security

Speech Codes Theory • Proposition 1: Wherever there is a distinctive culture, there is to be found a distinctive speech code. • Proposition 2: A speech code involves a culturally distinct psychology, sociology, and rhetoric. • Proposition 3: The significance of speaking depends on the speech codes used by speakers and listeners to create and interpret their communication. • Proposition 4: The terms, rules, and premises of a speech code are inextricably woven into speaking itself. • Proposition 5: The artful use of a shared speech code is a sufficient condition for predicting, explaining, and controlling the form of discourse about the intelligibility, prudence, and morality of communication conduct.

Factual v. Verbal Disputes • Factual disputes involve propositions about facts and are settled only by getting more factual information • example: Dave: Lincoln was born in Indiana. I learned that in the third grade. Carl: No, he wasn’t. He was born in Kentucky. I says so in my college textbook.

Factual Dispute Examples • that two Soviet cosmonauts died in outer space in 1965 • that John F. Kennedy was shot by Lee Harvey Oswald • that the plurality of scientists has the aquarian astrological sign

Verbal Disputes • Verbal disputes involve statements that people think involve controversies over objects named by their words, when they really involve arguments about the words themselves • Cannot be resolved by investigating facts

Statements that Involve Verbal Disputes • Analytic statements, tautologies, and definitions: the meanings for words • Contradictions, paradoxes, and oxymorons • Attitude axioms • Metaphysical statements

Analytic Statements, Tautologies, and Definitions the meanings for words

Analytic Statements, Tautologies, and Definitions statements that assert that one term may be substituted for another the meanings for words

Analytic, Definition, and Tautology Proposition Examples • Samuel Clemens is Mark Twain • A yard is three feet long • The law is the law • All bachelors are unmarried

Standard for Verbal Disputes If no sense experience could verify or falsify a statement, then it is simply not about the world we experience with our five senses

Contradictions, Paradoxes, and Oxymorons • Contradiction: a statement that always must be false • Oxymoron: a contradiction in terms • Paradox: a statement that declares itself in contradiction

Contradictions and Oxymorons statements that must be false due to their very construction a noisy quiet fresh frozen jumbo shrimp anti-abortion protestors original copy

Paradoxes The statement in this square is false

Paradoxes Paradox of the Barber The statement in this square is false

Attitude Axioms statements that reveal how the speaker feels about things Example: The worst day of fishing is better than the best day of work I love what you do for me--Toyota

Metaphysical Statements • Statements about things that cannot be observed in this life • Examples: There is a God in heaven There is life after death There are seven astral planes The Jones house is haunted

Some Examples: Verbal or Factual? • Bigfoot exists • My Grandmother is in heaven. • All humans are born equal. • God created Himself. • “Nothing ever dies. Science tells us that. Nothing ever dies, it just changes form.” -- Shirley MacLaine • Abortion kills babies. • A: “The human embryo, even at the age of 14 days, has developed fingers and toes. My philosophy teacher told me that.”B: “That’s not true. At that point the embryo doesn’t even have limbs. You can look that up in any competent biology textbook.”

Why Are There Misunderstandings? We forget that: 1. Language creates a social reality Whorf-Sapir hypothesis

We forget that: 2. Language is, by its very nature, incomplete the hazy claim ungrammatical incompleteness the incomplete comparison the non exclusive claim weasel words

We forget that: 3. Language reflects culture

Categories of Nonverbal Cues • Proxemics Expectancy Violations Theory • Chronemics • Oculesics • Kinesics • Objectics • Haptics • Vocalics

Hall’s Theory • Intimate • Personal • Social • Public

Expectancy Violations Theory • Expectancy. • Violation valence. • Communicator reward valence.

Categories of Nonverbal Cues • Proxemics • Haptics • Kinesics • Chronemics • Oculesics • Objectics • Vocalics

Chronemics • The use of time in communication • Pauses • Waiting and arrival time

Objectics • The use of objects in communication • Clothing • Objects in the home or in cars

Oculesics • The Use of Eyes in communication • Eye contact regulates conversation • Eye contact linked to persuasion • Eyes reveal much

Your eyes reveal how if someone likes or dislikes you and how much. • Fluttering eyelids indicate a “happy go lucky” attitude. • You can tell from a man’s eyes whether he is an introvert or an extrovert. • Nearsighted people tend to have unusual personalities • People with light colored eyes have high pain thresholds • A person who habitually wears dark glasses indoors I likely to have a personality problem

Vocalics • The use of voice in communication • Speed • Accents

Overview of This Unit • Why do we Misunderstand? • Nonverbal • Organizational • Intercultural

Situational Leadership

Overview • Directive and Supportive Behavior • Leadership Variables • Situational Leadership II Model

Directive & Supportive Behavior

Autocratic

Consultative

Participative

Delegative

Overview of This Unit