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SIBO: A Social Insect Behavior Ontology for Ants and Bees

SIBO: A Social Insect Behavior Ontology for Ants and Bees. Christopher D. Smith Ph.D. Assistant Professor Bioinformatics San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 94132 smithcd@sfsu.edu Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project Lawrence Berkeley National Lab Berkeley, CA 94720

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SIBO: A Social Insect Behavior Ontology for Ants and Bees

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  1. SIBO: A Social Insect Behavior Ontology for Ants and Bees Christopher D. Smith Ph.D.Assistant Professor Bioinformatics San Francisco State University San Francisco, CA 94132 smithcd@sfsu.edu Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome ProjectLawrence Berkeley National LabBerkeley, CA 94720 www.dhgp.org cdsmith@fruitfly.org

  2. Drosophila melanogaster • 100 years of experimental data • ‘Complete’ sequenced genome • Many well-characterized behavior & other phenotypes • Microarray & other large scale datasets Adams & Venter et. al. Science. 2000 Mar 24;287(5461):2185-95.

  3. Genes Often Very Conserved in Metazoans • Eyeless is a classic example • No eyes in flies, mice • Human Blindness (Aniridia) • Numerous Other examples • Alcoholism • cheapdate = cAMP signaling • LUSH = odorant receptor • Learning & Memory • dunce = cAMP metabolism • Limb Development (Homeotic)

  4. Cooperativity: D. melanogasterdunce gene involved in learning & group behavior • dunce = cAMP phosphodiesterase • ‘Search Aggregation’ in Drosophila: group advantage in finding good Tinette & Robichon. Genes Brain Behav. 2004 Feb;3(1):39-50. • dunce overexpressed on worker bees relative to queen in bees Judice & Pereira. Insect Molecular Biology (2006) 15 (1), 33-44. • dunce ortholog & dunce-like genes related to schizophrenia in humans Millar & Morteous. Science Vol.310. no. 5751, pp. 1187.

  5. Numerous Insect Genomes Available Million Years

  6. Grimaldie & Engel Evolution of the Insects Cambridge University Press Eusocial Insects Are Overdue for Genomics • Extensive Natural History & Literature • Behavior Assays Already Developed • Extensive Epigenetic Caste Regulation • Lifespan • Morphology • Complex Social Behavior • Leverage Drosophila and use genetic, genomic, phenotype data • Social Insect Similarities to Humans • Dominant global species • Individualism • Slavery, Policing reviewed in “The Ants” E. O Wilson • Agriculture Mueller & Schultz. Science, v281:2034 • Teaching Franks & Richardson. Nature. v439:153 >11,500 Ant species >25,000 Bee species >2800 Termite Species

  7. Eusocial Insects Differeniate into Castes with Distinct Behaviors & Shapes • Eusocial Hallmarks • Division of labor- Workers, Soldier, Queens, etc… • Sterile Castes (not req’d)- Single & Multiple Queens possible • Multiple generations lives in nest - Older generations care for younger • Social behavior NOT genetically defined • Eusocial behavior has arisen many times in different species • Genetic predisposition, but no ‘hard-corded’ castes • Castes are temporally regulated in some species • Behavior is epigenetically regulated • Genetically identical individuals express different phenotypes Image Credit : Amy Beaton, Rubin Lab http://www.bdgp.org/cgi-bin/ex/insitu.pl

  8. Caste Programming Depend on Hormones & Environment Cues Abouheif & Wray Evolution of the Gene Network Underlying Wing Polyphenism in Ants Science 12 July 2002:
Vol. 297. no. 5579, pp. 249 - 252 JH = Juvenile Hormone

  9. Covergent Behaviors in Ants & Bees

  10. Worker & Queen Bees Express Unique Gene Subsets • Genetically identical animals exhibit widely varied gene expression profiles • Numerous caste specific genes have been identified in bees, ants & termites • With completion of ‘beenome’ many more behavioral microarray expts. planned Wheeler et. al. Expression profiles during honeybee caste determination GenomeBiology2000, 2(1):research0001.1-0001.6

  11. Identification of Putative Orthologs • TBLASTN approach using the Comparative Genomics Library (CGL) • Best ‘multiple-hit’ used to determine orthologous exons • Orthologous introns inferred when both flanking exons are found CG40919

  12. Perception Orientation 1o Discrimination or Identification Disengagement Alert Recruitment Approach 2o Discrimination or Identification Threat ATTACK! Behaviors can be linked to SNPs • Africanized bees • Pursue Enemy 10-30x further • More reactive to color, movement • 4-10x stinging • Disengage less • Alert quickly • Larger defense perimeter • Using comparative annotation we can link ‘Africanized’ SNPs to gene and regulatory annotations • e.g. Dopamine receptor mutations • DRD4 • e.g. Serotonin promoter polymorphism • hSlc6a4,dSerT Adapted from Breed & Hunt 2004. Annu. Rev. Entolom. 49:271-98

  13. Seeding the Ontology • Currently only 100 terms • Estimated 3500 behaviors in ants and bees • Derived from Drosophila GO behavior terms and bee/ant literature

  14. Link Behaviors to ‘Language’ Genes • Ants have more chemical producing glands than any known organism • Queens can chemically inhibit fertility through colony • Queens can call ‘group alarm’ for attack & defense • Workers can communicate novel information to others back and forth (i.e. teaching) • Link Behaviors to Chemicals • e.g. ‘Mortician Ants’ respond to oleate from decomposition Reviewed in Holldobler & Wilson, The Ants, 1990

  15. Eusocial Insects Use a Complex Chemical Language that is Genetically Defined • Language is an important aspect of social evolution across taxa • High-density • Peer Conflict Resolution • Division of labor • Group Defense • Ants Can ‘Read’ Hundreds of Chemicals • Few receptors known • Biogenic Amines • e.g. octapamine involved in honeybee aggression • Few genes identified Reviewed in Holldobler & Wilson, The Ants, 1990

  16. Semiochemical & Anatomy Ontology • derives_from relationships need to be defined

  17. Linking Behavior, Anatomy, & Semiochemicals

  18. Present & Future work • Collection of terms & definition from honeybee and ant literature & community • Prioritization of behaviors associated to genes discovered in behavioral microarray experiments • Curation of ‘derives_from’ relationships for semiochemicals and anatomy • Curation of ‘precedes’ and ‘follows’ relationships for behavior actions (e.g. mating) • Adaptation of Drosophila anatomy onotology for honeybees and ants • Determination of cross-products with other ontologies such as CHEBI and GO

  19. Ackowledgements • Drosophila Heterochromatin Genome Project (DHGP) • Chris Mungall - Databases, Ontologies • Nicole Washington - PATO • Suzanna Lewis- Group Leader • John Richter - OBO-Edit • Collaborators • Neil Tsutsui - UC Irvine • Chris Elsik - BeeBase

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