Comparison of Scientific Studies Related to Biomass Conversion in Europe & Turkey

1. Comparison of Scientific StudiesRelated to Biomass Conversion in Europe & Turkey Hasan MERDUN, PhD Professor Akdeniz University Faculty of Engineering Dept. of Environmental Engineering Antalya 07058, TURKEY E-mail : merdun@alumni.clemson.edu

2. Outline • Energy & Biomass / Bioenergy • Objectives of this review study • Biomass conversion technologies • Biochemical conversion studies in Europe (Germany) • Biochemical conversion studies in Turkey • Thermochemical conversion studies in Europe (Holland) • Thermochemical conversion studies in Turkey • Comparison of conversion studies in Europe & Turkey • Conclusions Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

3. Energy sources • Fosilenergy sources • Coal • Petroleum • Natural gas • Renewableenergy sources • Solar • Wind • Hydro • Geothermal • Biomass/ Biofuels / Bioenergy Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

4. Energy in the world Petroleum Coal Natural gas Nuclear Hydraulic Other renewables 2011 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

5. Energy in Turkey Petrocoke 2% Solar 1% Wood 2% Lignite 14% Anthracite 15% Geothermal (heat) 1% Plant & Animal Wastes 1% Hydraulic 4% Petroleum 27% Natural gas 33% Geothermal (electricity) 1% Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

6. Biomass & Bioenergy • Biomass, all organic materials produced by living organisms • Main components: Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, extractives (lipids, proteins, starches, sugars, etc.), ash(inorganics) • Elementel composition(dry wt. %) : C (53), O (40), H (5), N (0.9), Cl (0.01-2) • Bioenergy, energy obtained from biomass • Bioenergy is in the 4th place as energy resource and provides 18% of the world’s energy needs. Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

7. Biomass types/sources – 1/3 • Plants: Agricultural residues, forest products, energy crops, aquatic plants Wood Corn Miscanthus Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain Algae

8. Biomass types/sources – 2/3 • Animal wastes Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

9. Biomass types/sources – 3/3 • Urban & industrial wastes Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

10. Objectives are to: • define & introduce parameters of biomas (biochemical & thermochemical) conversion technologies • present the scientific studies conducted in Europe (EU) & Turkey (TR) related to biomassconversion technologies • compare these studies conducted in EU & TR in terms of the used parameters & technologies Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

11. Biomass conversion technologies • Biomass conversion processes, products, and applications Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

12. Anaerobic digestion • Anaerobic Digestion (AD), prodution of biogas (CH4 + CO2) by decomposition of organic matter through microorganisms under anaerobic condition • Parameters of AD: • Temperature • pH • Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) • Organic Loading Rate (OLR) • C/N ratio • Toxic Materials - TM (ammonia, sulfur) • Alkalinity • Nutrients • Volatile acids Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

13. Fermantation • Fermantation, prodution of alcohols (ethanol/methanol) by decomposition of organic matter through microorganisms under anaerobic condition • Parameters of fermantation: • Temperature • pH • Hydraulic Retention Time (HRT) • Organic Loading Rate (OLR) • Composition of organic matter • Reactor type Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

14. Composting • Composting, prodution of compost materials by stabilizing org. matter through microorganisms under aerobic condition • Parameters of composting: • Temperature • pH • Particle size • Water content • Aeration • C/N ratio • Microbial properties Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

15. Combustion • Combustion, is a process converting biomass energy to heat, mechanic power, or electricity under aerobic condition • Parameters of combustion: • Type & composition of organic matter (OM) • Carbon content of OM • Ash content of OM • Moisture content of OM Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

16. Pyrolysis • Pyrolysis, thermochemical decomposition of biomass at temperatures between 400 & 650°Cin the absence of O2to produce the products(bio-oil, biochar, gas mixture) • Parameters of pyrolysis: • Temperature • Heating rate • Residence time • Purging / sweeping / carrier gas type & flow rate • Catalyst type & amount • Biomass particle size • Biomass water content • Pressure • Reactor type Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

17. Gasification • Gasification, thermal decomposition of biomass into gases under atm. pressure & 700-1000°C with limited oxidizing agent (air, O2 , CO2, steam or mixture of these) to produce solid (biochar & ash) and gas mixture (H2,CO, CO2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C3H8, etc.) • Parameters of gasification: • Temperature • Heating rate • Biomass type • Type of gasification agent(air, air+O2, steam, CO2, etc.) • Flow rates of biomass & gasification agents • Type & design of gasifier • Type & amount of catalysts Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

18. Liquefaction • Liquefaction, biomass conversion process with H2O & catalystat 200-400oC & 10-25 MPa to mainly produce bio-oil • Parameters of liquefaction: • Temperature • Pressure • Residence time • Biomass type & particle size • Ratios of biomass, solvent, and catalyst Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

19. Biochemical conversion studies in EU (Germany) – 1/2 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

20. Biochemical conversion studies in EU (Germany) – 2/2 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

21. Biochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 1/2 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

22. Biochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 2/2 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

23. Comparison of biochemical conv. in EU & TR • Temperature of 35-40oC was used in both EU & TR, but pH is lower in TR than EU. • The mean HRT values in Turkey is ~ half of the values in EU • In EU, the mean OLR is ~ 35 g/L, but the use of OLR in TR is limited. • As a result, biochemical conversion studies conducted in EU & TR are different, maybe because of the use of a variety of reactors. Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

24. Thermochemical conversion studies in EU (Holland) – 1/2 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

25. Thermochemical conversion studies in EU (Holland) – 2/2 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

26. Thermochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 1/4 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

27. Thermochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 2/4 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

28. Thermochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 3/4 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

29. Thermochemical conversion studies in Turkey – 4/4 Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

30. Comparison of thermochemical conv. in EU & TR • In EU studies, fixed-bed & fluidized-bed reactors are commonly used. • In TR studies, fixed-bed reactors are used much more than fluidized-bed reactors. • In both regions EU & TR, pyrolysis & fast pyrolysis are commonly studied; while fast pyrolysis are mostly studied in EU, conventional pyrolysis are mostly studied in TR. • In both regions EU & TR, temperature of 400-500oC is used, but pressure values are indicated in only EU studies. • In both regions EU & TR, parameters are effective on product yield & quality (investigated parameters) similarly. Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

31. Conclusions • In general, biomass conversion processes are similar in EU & TR (mostly pyrolysis & fast pyrolysis) • However, EU studies are more advanced than TR studies in terms of process parameter variability & used technology • Because of the expensiveness of the technology, studies in TR should be financially supported to be able to conduct more detailed & effective studies. • Since important part (~75%) of the energy need is imported, Turkey should focus on the conversion of biomass to biofuels by using modern techniques. Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain

32. Thanks for your attention and ???... Biofuels & Bioenergy, Valencia, Spain