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Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders

Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders. Lindsea Vaudt Shelby Engel. Female Anatomy and Physiology. Male Anatomy and Physiology. Common Signs and Symptoms. Female Abdominal and pelvic pain Fever and malaise Abnormal vaginal drainage Burning, itching, or both of the genitals

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Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders

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  1. Reproductive System Diseases and Disorders LindseaVaudtShelby Engel

  2. Female Anatomy and Physiology

  3. Male Anatomy and Physiology

  4. Common Signs and Symptoms • Female • Abdominal and pelvic pain • Fever and malaise • Abnormal vaginal drainage • Burning, itching, or both of the genitals • Pain during sexual intercourse • Any change in breast tissue • Abnormal discharge from the nipple • Male • Urinary disorders, including frequency, dysuria, nocturia, and incontinence • Pain in the pelvis, groin, or reproductive organs • Lesions on the external genitalia • Swelling or abnormal enlargement of the reproductive organs • Abnormal penile discharge • Burning, itching, or both of the genitals • Diagnosis – Physical examinations, bimanual examinations, pap smears, biopsy, laparoscopy, x-rays, blood testing, mammograms, digital rectal examinations, cystoscopy, and lab testing

  5. Female Reproductive System Diseases • Menstrual abnormalities • Premenstrual syndrome • Amenorrhea • Dysmenorrhea • Menorrhagia • Metrorrhagia • Menopause • Vaginitis

  6. Vaginitis • Inflammation of the vagina and vulva • Symptoms: • Redness and swelling of the vagina and vulva • Unusual vaginal discharge • Vaginal and genital burning • Vaginal and genital itching • Can increase risk for • HIV, AIDS, and other STDs • Infertility • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Premature birth low birth weight, stillbirth, and complications

  7. Causes • Infectious • Bacterial vaginosis • Chlamydia • Genital herpes • Gonorrhea • Poor genital hygiene • Trichomoniasis, a STD caused by a parasite • Yeast Infection • Noninfectious • Irritating substances to genitals • Leaving tampons in too long • Sexual abuse in girls • Antibiotics • Wearing thongs or tight fitting underwear, pants

  8. Prevention • Abstaining from sexual activity • Avoiding exposure of the genitals to irritating substances • Changing tampons frequently • One sexual relationship in which neither partner has an infection • Getting regular, routine medical care, including pelvic exams • Not wearing tight fitting bottoms • Wiping from front to back after bowel movements • Using a new condom for sexual acts

  9. Treatment • Antibiotic medications • Antifungal creams or pills for yeast infection • Antiviral medications for genital herpes • Topical crams may be prescribed to ease the discomfort of itching and burning

  10. Amenorrhea • Absent menstrual periods for more than 3 monthly menstrual cycles • Primary: menstruation never starts • Secondary: menstrual periods become abnormal, irregular or absent • Causes • Natural reasons: Pregnancy, breast feeding, menopause • Ovulation abnormality • Birth defect, anatomical abnormality, or other medical conditions • Eating disorder • Over exercise or strenuous exercise • Thyroid disorder • Obesity

  11. Amenorrhea cont. • Signs and symptoms: • Headache • Milky nipple discharge • Hair loss • Excess facial hair • Vision changes • Weight gain or loss • Can cause infertility or osteoporosis (with low estrogen levels) • Prevention – Maintaining a normal weight • Treatment • Progesterone supplements (hormone treatment) • Oral contraceptives (ovulation inhibitors) • Dietary modifications (to increase caloric and fat intake) • Calcium supplementation to reduce bone loss

  12. Dysmenorrhea • Menstrual condition: severe and frequent cramps and pain during menstruation • Primary: from beginning and usually lifelong • Secondary: due to physical cause or another medical condition • Causes • Primary: • Chemical imbalance in the body: particularly prostaglandin and arachidonic acid • Secondary: • Other medical conditions: endometriosis (tissues becomes implanted outside the uterus), • Resulting in internal bleeding, infection, and pelvic pain.

  13. Treatment • Aspirin and ibuprofen • Oral contraceptives (ovulation inhibitors) • Progesterone (hormone treatment) • Dietary modifications • Vitamin supplements • Regular exercise • Heating pad across the abdomen • Hot bath or shower • Abdominal massage • Endometrial ablation: a procedure to destroy the lining of the uterus • Endometrial resection: a procedure to remove the lining of the uterus • Hysterectomy

  14. Dysmenorrhea cont. • Symptoms: • Cramping in the lower abdomen • Pain in the lower abdomen • Low back pain • Pain radiating down the legs • Nausea • Vomiting • Diarrhea • Fatigue • Weakness • Fainting • Headaches • Prevention and risks: • Don’t smoke • Don’t drink alcohol during menses • Stay a healthy weight • Greater risk are those who started menstruating before 11 years old

  15. Diseases of the Breast • Quite uncommon • 1 in 8 women in the United States ranging from mild to life-threatening • Men can also be affected • Screening • Self-examinations and mammography • Any change from normal in tissue shape or appearance in males or females should be called to the attention of a physician • Disease and Disorders • Fibrocystic Disease • Mastitis • Breast Cancer

  16. Fibrocystic Disease • Most common breast disorder of premenopausal women between ages 30-55 • Thought to be linked to estrogen levels • Causes an increased risk of cancer • Symptoms: • Irregular, lumpy feeling in the breast (usually in the upper outer quadrant area) • Breast discomfort that is persistent or occurs on and off (peaking around the menstrual period and receding after) • Breast often feeling heavy, full, and tender • A tendency to run in families

  17. Fibrocystic Disease cont. • Diagnosis – Made by feeling, or palpation, or lumpy areas in the breast • Multiple cysts make it difficult to detect • Breast ultrasounds • If there is a suspicious area a surgical biopsy can be performed • Treatment – Measures to decrease breast pain include: • Elimination of caffeine in the diet • Reduction of salt intake • The use of a mild diuretic the week prior to menstruation • Use of mild analgesics • Prevention – Often not preventable, but decreasing dietary fat and caffeine intake can help • Research showed that 90% of women who stopped wearing a bra showed improvement in symptoms

  18. Mastitis • Inflammation on the breast tissue • Broad term covering a variety of diseases and disorders • Type commonly thought of is puerperal (childbirth) • Occurs when bacteria from the nursing baby’s mouth or mother’s hands enter the breast tissue through the nipple • Symptoms: • Redness • Heat • Swelling • Pain • Bloody discharges from the nipple • Diagnosis – Made on the basis of symptoms • Treatment – Antibiotics, application or heat, analgesics, and a firm support brassiere to decrease discomfort • Prevention – Emptying breast completely when breast feeding

  19. Breast Cancer • Adenocarcinoma of the breast ducts • Most common neoplasm affecting breast tissue and occurs in 1 out of 8 females • Early detection = monthly self-examinations and routine mammograms • Cause is unknown, but risk factors include: • Age 40 and over • Family member affected with breast cancer • Onset of menses before age 13 • Menses continuing after age 50 • Nullipara (none or no births) • First child after age 30 • Obesity • Chronic breast disease • Brassiere wear time

  20. Breast Cancer cont. • Symptoms: Nontender lump of varying size…often no visual symptoms • Diagnosis – Presence of lump, mammogram, and biopsy(definitive test that can be performed by aspiration or surgery) • Treatment – Usually surgical removal of the mass or the breast followed by chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or both • Lumpectomy – removal of the lump only • Simple or total mastectomy – removal of the breast and nipple • Modified radical mastectomy – removal of the breast, nipple, and lymph nodes • Radical mastectomy – removal of the breast, nipple, lymph nodes, and underlying chest muscles

  21. Disorders of Pregnancy • Ectopic Pregnancy • Spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) • Morning sickness • Hyperemesis Gravidarum • Toxemia • Abruptio placentae • Placenta previa

  22. Ectopic Pregnancy • Ectopic pregnancies occur in 1 in every 40 to 1 in every 100 pregnancies. • Hormones may play a role • Most common site is with in one of the tubes where the egg passes from the ovary to the uterus.

  23. Causes • Birth defect in the fallopian tubes • Complications of a ruptured appendix • Having an ectopic pregnancy before • Scarring from past infections or surgery • Age over 35 • Had surgery to untie tubes (tubal sterilization) to become pregnant • Having had many sexual partners • In vitro fertilization • Having your tubes tied (tubal ligation) - more likely 2 or more years after the procedure

  24. Symptoms • Abnormal vaginal bleeding • Low back pain • Mild cramping on one side of the pelvis • Pain in the lower belly or pelvic area • If ruptures and bleeds symptoms may get worse: • Fainting or feel faint • Intense pressure in the rectum • Low blood pressure • Pain in the shoulder area • Severe, sharp, and sudden pain in the lower abdomen

  25. Prevention • Avoiding risk factors for pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) such as having many sexual partners, having sex without a condom, and getting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) • Early diagnosis and treatment of STDs • Early diagnosis and treatment of salpingitis and PID • Stopping smoking • Treatment • Ectopic pregnancies is a life-threatening condition • If ruptures--- shock--- Blood transfusion • Surgery is done to stop blood loss, repair tissue damage

  26. Hyperemesis Gravidarum • Severe • Nausea • Vomiting • Weight loss • Electrolyte disturbance • Signs and symptoms: • Severe nausea and vomiting • Food aversions • Weight loss of 5% or more of pre-pregnancy weight • Decrease in urination • Dehydration • Headaches • Confusion • Fainting • Jaundice • Extreme fatigue • Low blood pressure • Rapid heart rate • Loss of skin elasticity • Secondary anxiety/depression

  27. Treatment • Dietary changes • Rest • Antacids • More severe • Stay in the hospital • Mother receives fluid and nutrition through a IV • No known prevention

  28. Abruptio Placentae • Separation of the placenta from its attachment to the uterus wall before the baby is delivered • Direct causes are rare but include • Injury to the belly area • Sudden loss of uterine volume

  29. Risk Factors • Blood clotting disorders • Smoking • Cocaine use • Diabetes • Alcohol • High blood pressure during pregnancy • About half of placental abruptions that lead to the baby's death are linked to high blood pressure • Large number of past deliveries • Older mother • Premature rupture of membranes • The bag of water breaks before 37 weeks into the pregnancy

  30. Symptoms: • Abdominal pain • Back pain • Frequent uterine contractions • Uterine contractions with no relaxation in between • Vaginal bleeding • Prevention: • Don’t drink alcohol • Don’t smoke • Don’t use recreation drugs • Early and regular prenatal care • Manage conditions like diabetes and high blood pressure • Treatment: • Fluids through IV • Blood transfusions • Unborn baby watched for signs of distress • C section may be needed

  31. Male Reproductive System Diseases • Most common diseases affecting the male reproductive system include infection and diseases affecting the prostate • Diseases • Prostatitis • Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia • Prostatic Carcinoma • Epididymitis • Orchitis • Testicular tumors • Cryptorchidism (undescended testicle)

  32. Prostatitis • Inflammation of the prostate gland • More common in men over 50 years old • Cause can be unknown or result of a urinary tract infection or infection by STDs • Symptoms: • Dysuria (painful urination) • Pyuria (pus in urine) • Fever • Lower back pain • Diagnosis – Made on the basis of urinalysis, urine culture, and digital rectal examinations • Treatment – Depends on the cause, but antibiotic therapy with penicillin, warm sitz baths, increased fluid intake, and analgesics • Prevention – Avoid smoking, drinking plenty of fluids, seek early treatment for urinary symptoms, and practice good hygiene by keeping the penis clean

  33. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia • Enlargement of the prostate due to normal cells overgrowing and enlarging • Common in men over 60 • About 50% of males over 65 have some degree of prostate enlargement • Cause is unknown, but is thought to be due to hormonal changes • Alterations in testosterone, estrogen, and androgen levels (associated with aging) • Symptoms: • Nocturia (frequently getting up in the night to urinate) • Inability to start urination • Weak urinary stream • Inability to empty bladder (can cause frequent urinary tract infections) • Diagnosis – Made on the basis of symptoms and digital rectal examinations

  34. BPH cont. • Treatment – Symptomatic and might include prostatic massage, sitz baths, and catheterizations • Regular sexual intercourse can be helpful in reducing prostatic congestion • Transurethral – Chisel away the excess prostate tissue causing urinary obstruction • Prevention – No known preventative measures • Annual prostate exam after age 40

  35. Prostatic Carcinoma • Neoplasm of the prostate usually affects men over 50 • Cause is unknown…some believe testosterone levels are involved • Caucasian men are affected with prostate cancer 10 times more often than Oriental men • Environmental and lifestyle factors involved and diets high in fat • Grows in the outer layer or the prostate and often shows no symptoms until it has metastasized • Common sites = bones of the spine and pelvis • Symptoms: Similar to BPH as the urethra becomes obstructed

  36. Prostatic Carcinoma • Diagnosis – Digital rectal examination will reveal a hard, abnormal mass and blood testing…biopsy is the definitive test • Treatment – Depends on the age and physical condition of the individual and the degree of metastasis • Administration of estrogen to counteract testosterone • Surgical orchiectomy – removal of the testicles to halt testosterone production (many urologists do not believe this improves the survival rate) • A combination of both treatments • Chemotherapy and radiation therapy might also be beneficial • Over 60 – most likely outlive the cancer and die of some other disease process • Younger individuals and those with extensive metastasis do not have such a positive prognosis • 50%-75% live 5 years or more • Prevention – No preventative measures…annual prostate examination is recommended for early detection

  37. Epididymitis • Inflammation of the epididymis • Common causes include prostatitis, urinary tract infection, mumps, and STDs (chlamydia, syphilis, and gonorrhea) • Most common disease of the male reproductive system and usually only effects one epididymis • Symptoms: • Swollen, hard, and painful epididymis • Scrotal pain and swelling • Makes walking difficult • Diagnosis – Made on the basis of symptoms, urinalysis, and urine culture • Treatment – Prompt, appropriate antibiotic therapy, bed rest, analgesics, use of a scrotum support, and avoidance of alcohol, spicy foods, and sexual stimulation • Delay in treatments can cause sterility (inability to impregnate a female) • Prevention – Sexual absitenence, use on condoms to prevent STDs and prompt treatment of causative infections

  38. Orchitis • Inflammation of one or both testes • Usually due to bacterial or viral infection or trauma • Viral mumps is the most common cause in adult males • Commonly occurs in conjunction with or as a complication of epididymitis • Symptoms: • Swelling, pain, and tenderness in one or both testes • Fever • Malaise • Diagnosis – Made on the basis of symptoms, blood testing, and urinalysis • Treatment – Depends on the cause, but antibiotic therapy is usually effective…when caused by mumps it is treated symptomatically and includes bed rest and analgesics and antipyretic medications • Prevention – Aimed at causative factors and includes mumps vaccinations and prevention of infection from STDs

  39. Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome • Hepatitis • Genital herpes • Gonorrhea • Syphilis • Tertiary (late or latent) • Chlamydial infection • Trichomoniasis • Genital warts

  40. Gonorrhea • Bacterium • Grows in warm, moist areas of the reproductive tract • Cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes, urethral • Mouth, throat, eyes, anus • Annually about 820,000 people in the US • 570,000 among 15-24 years of age • Causes: • Having sex with someone who has the disease • Anal, vaginal, or oral sex • Can spread from mother to baby during childbirth

  41. Gonorrhea cont. • Very mild or no symptoms • Men: burning sensation when urinating • White, yellow, or green discharge • Painful or swollen testicles • Women: • Painful or burning sensation when urinating • Increased vaginal discharge • Vaginal bleeding between periods • Treatment – ASAP especially if pregnant…medication • Prevention: • Condom use • Avoid having sexual intercourse • One partner who is not infected

  42. Syphilis • Serious STD • Can become chronic, life threatening disease • Bacterium • Annually 55,400 people in the US • In 2011, 72% occurred among men who have sex with men • 360 reports of children in 2011 • Causes • Person to person by direct contact with syphilis sores • Genitals • Vaginal • Anus • Rectum • Lips • Mouth • During vaginal, anal, or oral sexual contact • Pregnant women can pass it to unborn child

  43. Symptoms • First symptom can appear in 10 to 90 days • PRIMARY stage: • Single sore--- multiple sores • Where syphilis entered the body • Firm, round, painless • Will go away without treatment • Infection can progress to the secondary stage if no treatment • SECONDARY stage: • Skin rashes or sores in the mouth, vagina, anus • Not itchy • Rough, red, or reddish brown spots on palms or bottom of feet • Large, raised, gray or white lesions on mouth, underarm, groin • Fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, fatigue

  44. Latent and Late Stage • Symptoms will go away without treatment BUT… without appropriate treatment, the infection will progress to the latent or late stages • Can last for years • 15% of people not treated • bad muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, and dementia • Damages internal organs, including brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints • Death • Treatment – Easy to treat in early stages, no over the counter drugs, antibiotics • Prevention – Not by washing genitals after sex, condom use, abstain from sex when infected, and one partner without infection

  45. Chlamydial Infection • Most commonly reported STD in the US • Sexually active females 25 years and younger need testing every year • Bacterium • Can cause serious damage to a woman’s reproductive organs • In 2011, 1,412,781 cases where reported in the US • 1 in 15 sexually active females age 14-19 years have Chlamydia • Causes: • Having sex with someone infected • Anal, vaginal, oral • Pregnant woman to her baby during childbirth

  46. Symptoms • “Silent Infection” • Can damage a woman’s reproductive organs • Women: • Infects the cervix and urethra • Abnormal vaginal discharge • Burning sensation when urinating • Untreated---- spread up to uterus and fallopian tubes • Pelvic inflammatory disease • Lead to infertility • Men: • Discharge from penis • Burning sensation when urinating • Pain and swelling in one or both testicles

  47. Treatment • Antibiotics • Prevention: • Condom use • Abstain form vaginal, anal, and oral sex • One partner who is not infected

  48. Sexual Dysfunction • Can limit the ability of the individual to reproduce and to develop a close, nurturing sexual relationship with a significant other • Human sexual cycle – Arousal…sexual intercourse…climax…feelings of pleasure and relaxation • Any disorder that interrupts this cycle can be considered a dysfunction • Disorders • Dyspareunia • Female Arousal-Orgasmic Dysfunction • Impotence (erectile dysfunction) • Premature Ejaculation (rapid ejaculation or rapid climax) • Infertility

  49. Dyspareunia • Condition of experiencing pain or discomfort with sexual intercourse • Can affect both males and females, but more common in women • Not considered a disease but, rather, a symptom of a psychological or physical disorder • Female - Intact hymen, vaginal deformity, insufficient lubrication, sensitivity to spermicide, presence of an STD, bladder infection, pelvic inflammatory disease, and endometriosis • Male – Penile deformity, presence of an STD, abnormally tight foreskin (phimosis), prostatitis, and epididymitis • Psychological conditions – history of past sexual abuse, anxiety, guilt, and fear of pregnancy • Symptoms: Pain can be mild to severe and appear in genitals, pelvis, and low back…females might feel pain specifically in the clitoris, labia, and vagina

  50. Dyspareunia cont. • Diagnosis – General examination, description of pain, and time of occurrence • Treatment – Restrictions of extended foreplay, use of lubricating jelly, and manual stretching of the vaginal opening prior to intercourse • Infections need to be treated appropriately and surgery may be needed to correct deformities, remove tumors, and treat endometriosis • Counseling • Prevention – Not preventable when caused by sexual trauma or abuse…avoid vaginal yeast infections, STDs, bladder infections, and sex on days near menstruation due to increased tenderness

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