How is the Renaissance Historically Significant?

1. How is the Renaissance Historically Significant? Chapter 05

2. What Will I Learn? • Define the Renaissance • Explain how the achievements of people shaped the Renaissance • Appreciate changes brought about by the Renaissance • Explain how the Renaissance is historically significant • Explore the contribution of technological developments and innovation to historical change • Illustrate patterns of change in Health and Medicine • Explore the Nature of History

3. What was the Renaissance? ‘The world is about to break out of darkness … and return to the pure brightness of Ancient Greece and Rome’ Petrarch (Italian Poet)

4. The Learning of the Renaissance • Studied the writings of Ancient Greece and Rome • Developed new ideas • Wanted to improve life on Earth

5. Why Did the Renaissance Begin in Italy? See Skills Book p. 45

6. What Significant Changes Occurred in Painting? Medieval Painting Cimabue’s Madonna Enthroned Renaissance Painting Raphael’s The Marriage of the Virgin

7. What is Perspective? • 3-dimensions on a 2-dimensional surface • Illusion of depth in the painting Massacio’sThe Trinity (1427–28)

8. Paints Egg yolk + coloured pigments (tempera) Oil + coloured pigments What were the differences? Coloured Pigments

9. How Were Artists Trained? Apprentices training

10. More Changes in Painting Middle Ages – wooden panels, walls Renaissance – wooden panels, walls and canvas What are frescoes? Paintings done on wet or damp plaster

11. What Changes Occurred in Sculpture?

12. What Significant Changes Occurred in Architecture? Medieval Architecture Rose window Pointed arches Pointed door Pointed windows Spire

13. What Significant Changes Occurred in Architecture? Renaissance Architecture Classical columns Rounded window Buttresses and flying buttresses Piedmont Dome

14. What Significant Changes Occurred in Architecture? Florence Cathedral, Italy – a Renaissance cathedral (designed by Brunelleschi) Chartres Cathedral, France – a medieval cathedral

15. Leonardo da Vinci – The Ideal Renaissance Man?

16. The Last Supper Perspective

17. The Virgin on the Rocks What features of Leonardo’s painting do you notice here?

18. Mona Lisa • Technique – Sfumato

19. Leonardo’s Notebooks What do the notebooks tell us about Leonardo? See Skills Book p. 46

20. Leonardo’s Notebooks

21. Michelangelo – The Greatest Artist? • 1475 – born near Florence • Apprentice to Master Ghirlandaio in Florence • Studied sculpture in Medici’s sculpture garden • Carved Pieta in Rome • Carved David in Florence • Painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel in Rome • Designed dome of St Peter’s Basilica in Rome • 1564 – died in Rome

22. How Good Was Michelangelo as a Sculptor? Pieta

23. David

24. How Good Was Michelangelo as a Painter? The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel – a fresco

25. The Creation of Adam – Do You Recognise it? Has this been copied in modern times?

26. Vasari’s Lives of the Artists Source 1 From the hour when the Lord God, by His outstanding kindness, made me worthy not just of the presence, but of the love, of the conversation, and of the close intimacy of Michelangelo Buonarroti, the unique sculptor and painter, I gave myself all possible attention and study to assembling (putting together) not only the precepts (principles) he taught me about the art of design, but also his sayings, deeds, and habits. I also intended to write about it at some future time. This was as much to show him gratitude for my infinite obligations (duty) towards him, as to give others the benefit of the advice and example of this great man. (Vasari’s introduction to his account of Michelangelo’s life) Source 3 In 1550 a little known Italian artist, Giorgio Vasari, published a revolutionary book. For the first time, Vasari set out to record artists’ oddities and faults as well as their artistic triumphs. In more recent decades, Vasari has been criticised for not allowing factual accuracy to get in the way of a good story. Nonetheless, his work has formed and defined the way we think about Renaissance art to this day and some credit him with being the founder of the discipline of the history of art. (BBC Radio, In Our Time, www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sg2y4) Source 4 Considered the first art historian and often referred to as the ‘father of art history’, Vasari’s contribution was to create a critical, i.e., evaluative (appraisal, assessment) history of artistic style, although he was far from unbiased. (Dictionary of Art Historians, https:// dictionaryofarthistorians.org/vasarig.htm) Source 2 Giorgio Vasari (30 July 1511–27 June 1574) was an Italian painter, architect, writer, and historian, most famous today for his Lives of the Most Excellent Painters, Sculptors, and Architects. (Wikipedia)

27. The Last Judgement A fresco

28. How Good Was Michelangelo as an Architect?

29. How Good Was Michelangelo as an Architect? See Skills Book p. 47

30. Sofonisba Anguissola – A Renaissance Artist Source 5 Sofonisba painted with something of that tepid rose-tinted sentimentality proper to the woman-painter, then as now. (Claude Philips, art critic, 1913) Source 6 Sofonisba Anguissola is a remarkable figure from both an artistic and historical perspective (viewpoint). Not only was she the first woman painter ever to achieve international renown (fame), but she was also the first female painter of achievement who was not the daughter of an artist. (Sharlee Mullins Glenn, 1990) The Chess Game, 1555 Self-Portrait at the Easel, 1556 See Skills Book p. 49

31. How Significant Were Developments in Renaissance Science? Astronomy Copernicus Kepler

32. What Significant Contributions did Galileo Make to Renaissance Science? • Galileo said that scientists must base their results on experiments and evidence. ‘Measure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so.’ • Einstein, one of the greatest 20th century scientists, said of Galileo, ‘Because Galileo saw that ideas need to be tested, and particularly because he drummed it into the scientific world, he is the father of modern physics – indeed of modern science altogether.’

33. What Significant Contributions Did Galileo Make to Renaissance Science? The telescope The pendulum clock

34. Health and Medicine in the Renaissance

35. Why Was the Work of Vesalius Significant? See Skills Book p. 50

36. Why Was the Work of William Harvey Significant? Source 5 It has been shown by reason and experiment that blood by the beat of the ventricles (heart chambers) flows through the lungs and heart and is pumped to the whole body. There it passes through pores in the flesh into the veins through which it returns from the periphery (edge) everywhere to the centre … It must be concluded that the blood in the animal body moves around in a circle continuously and that the action or function of the heart is to accomplish this by pumping. This is the only reason for the motion and beat of the heart. (William Harvey, On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals)

37. Technology and Historical Change – The Invention of the Printing Press Printed pages drying The owner and master of the printing press Reading manuscript An apprentice learning the trade Boxes of letters Delivering paper Printer working the printing press Inking the letters (or type) Setting up the type

38. The Invention of the Printing Press Printing in Europe by 1500

39. The Invention of the Printing Press See Skills Book p. 51

40. Renaissance Literature – William Shakespeare • Born in Stratford-on-Avon in England • Actor and writer for the King’s Men theatre company • Huge influence on English language and theatre – used the vernacular

41. Source 2 If you’ve ever been ‘in a pickle’, waited ‘with bated breath’, or gone on ‘a wild goose chase’, you’ve been quoting from The Tempest, The Merchant of Venice and Romeo and Juliet respectively. (How Shakespeare influences the way we speak, www.bbc.com/culture/story/20140527-say-whatshakespeares-words) The Globe Theatre Source 3 Shakespeare’s writings greatly influenced the entire English language. Prior to and during Shakespeare’s time, the grammar and rules of English were not standardised (regular). But once Shakespeare’s plays became popular in the late seventeenth and eighteenth century, they helped contribute to the standardisation of the English language. (Shakespeare’s influence, www.wikipedia.org) Source 1 No playwright before him could appeal to the masses quite like Shakespeare. Theatre up until his time had been uniquely reserved for the wealthy and the educated. With the emergence of Shakespeare’s writing came tales that appealed to the masses. (William Shakespeare’s Impact on Theatre, https://www.octaneseating.com/ the-impactof-william-shakespeare-on-theatre) See Skills Book p. 52

42. How Was the Renaissance Historically Significant? See Skills Book p. 53 Architecture The Reformation Tourism New Learning Astronomy Age of Exploration Painting and sculpture Education

44. See Skills Book p. 55

45. Create your own mind maps on the Causes of the Renaissance

46. Create your own mind maps for each of the above features

47. Create your own mind maps for each of the above features

49. Create your own mind maps for each of the above features

50. Create your own mind maps for each of the above features