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Behavioral Neuroscience

Behavioral Neuroscience. Chapter 2 George S. Robinson, Jr., Ph.D. Department of Psychology North Carolina A&T State University. Sensing, Processing, Responding. Stimulus anything in the environment that evokes a response Receptors

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Behavioral Neuroscience

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  1. Behavioral Neuroscience Chapter 2 George S. Robinson, Jr., Ph.D. Department of Psychology North Carolina A&T State University

  2. Sensing, Processing, Responding • Stimulus • anything in the environment that evokes a response • Receptors • specialized nerve cells that respond to specific types of energy

  3. The Nervous System • Two major divisions: • Central Nervous System • the brain and spinal cord only • Peripheral Nervous System • outside of the brain and spinal cord

  4. The Peripheral Nervous System • Somatic nervous system • soma = body • bodily sensations • afferent (sensory) nerves • from the receptors to the brain and spinal cord • efferent (motor) nerves • from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles • Autonomic nervous system • sympathetic nervous system • prepares for “fight or flight”, speeds things up • parasympathetic nervous system • slows things down, returns to resting balanced (homeostasis) state

  5. The Central Nervous System • Spinal Cord • sensory neuron • motor neuron • interneuron • white matter • gray matter • ventral root • dorsal root

  6. Overview of the Brain Play Video – Dialup Play Video - LAN

  7. The Brain • The Hindbrain • medulla • breathing • pons • sleep and arousal • cerebellum • coordinates muscle movements

  8. The Brain - cont. • The Midbrain • tectum • roof of the midbrain, • regulates sensory information • reticular formation • controls arousal and alertness

  9. The Brain - cont. • The Forebrain • corpus callosum • limbic system • amygdala • hippocampus • septum • hypothalamus • thalamus • basal ganglia • cerebral cortex (cerebrum)

  10. The Lobes of the Brain • Frontal lobe • Temporal lobe • Parietal lobe • Occipital lobe

  11. Studying the Functions of the Brain • Case study • Paul Broca • Broca’s area • Carl Wernicke • Wernicke’s area • Brain Damage • stroke (cerebrovascular accident) • Stereotaxic surgery • stereotaxic instrument Play Video – Dialup Play Video - LAN

  12. Studying the Functions of the Brain - cont. • Case Study • Phineas Gage • rod through head • severed the forebrain • from the limbic system Play Video – Dialup Play Video - LAN

  13. Studying the Functions of the Brain - cont. • Electroencephalograph (EEG) • gross electrical activity of the brain • brain waves • delta 0.1 - 3.5 Hz • theta 3.5 0 7.0 Hz • alpha 8.0 - 12.0 Hz • beta 13.0 to 30.0 Hz • Magnetoencephalography • measures the brain’s magnetic fields

  14. Studying the Functions of the Brain - cont. • Positron emission tomography (PET) • measures the metabolic activity of the brain • Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) • X-rays the structures of the brain • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) • uses magnetic fields to image the structures of the brain • Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) • measure the structure and functions of the brain

  15. Components of a Neuron • The Cell Membrane • The Soma (cell body) • Dendrites • The Axon • Terminal Buttons • Myelin Sheath • glia cells • Nodes of Ranvier • multiple sclerosis • tremors, weakness, visual disturbances • ataxia - loss of motor coordination

  16. The Synapse and Neurotransmitters • The Synapses • presynaptic membrane • postsynaptic membrane • synaptic cleft • Neurotransmitters • synaptic vesicles • excitatory neurotransmitter • inhibitory neurotransmitter

  17. Types of Neurotransmitters • Acetycholine (ACh) • muscle movement, learning and memory, Alzheimer’s • Norephinephrine (NE) • arousal, mood, reward centers • Serotonin (5-HT) • mood, appetite, sleep • Dopamine (DA) • movement, reward centers, Parkinson’s, schizophrenia • Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) • anxiety, epilepsy • Endorphins and Enkephalins • reduction of pain • Substance P • transmission of pain signals

  18. Neurotransmitters and Drug Action • Enzymatic breakdown • Reuptake • Agonist • Antagonist • Neuromodulators

  19. The Nature of the Nerve Signal • Ions • charged particles, chloride (Cl-), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+) • resting state • -70 mV • polarized • resting potential • depolarization • hyperpolarization • action potential • all-or-none • refractory period • absolute, relative

  20. The Split Brain Operation • Normally, the left hemisphere controls the right side of the body, and vice versa • Splits the corpus callosum • left hemisphere is separated from the right hemisphere • Brain asymmetries • aphasias - loss of the ability to speak or understand language • apraxias - deficits in nonverbal skills

  21. The Split Brain Operation - cont. • Initial results of a split brain operation Play Video – Dialup Play Video - LAN

  22. The Endocrine System • Pituitary gland • posterior secretes vasopressin and oxytocin • anterior secrets prolactin, somatotrophin, ACTH, thyroid-stimulating hormone • Thyroid gland • thyroxin to regulate metabolism • Pancreas • secrets insulin • Gonads • testes and ovaries produce androgens and estrogens • Adrenal glands • adrenal cortex - secrets glucocorticoids • adrenal medulla - secrets epinephrine and norepinephrine

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