Essentials of Public Speaking

1. Organizing a Successful Speech Essentials of Public Speaking Cheryl Hamilton 5th Edition Chapter 7 Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D. Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

2. Flashback . .. Ancient Greek and Roman rhetoricians generally divided speech-making into five parts or canons: • Invention—researching the topic & audience • Disposition—organizing materials in orderly fashion • Elocution—choosing effective language & style • Memory—remembering ideas to be presented • Delivery—presenting the speech (verbal, vocal, & visual aspects) Chapter 7 – Organizing your speech: Introduction, Body, and Conclusion

3. Key Ideas • The role organization plays in a successful speech • Informative patters of organization • Persuasive patterns of organization • The steps included in a speech introduction • Steps included the conclusion of a speech • Tips for polishing your speech Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

4. The Importance of Organization • Organized information is easier for speakers to remember. • Organized information gives the speaker confidence. • Organized information improves the speaker’s credibility in the eyes of the audience. • Organized information is easier for listeners to comprehend, to take notes from, and is more likely to keep their attention Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful speech:

5. Organization Basics • The body of the speech takes 70%-80% of total speech time • One pattern of organization for main points • Several patters of organization can be used for supporting materials for each main point • Select an organizational pattern that best fits the purpose of the speech. Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

6. Informative Patterns of Organization • Topical • Chronological • Geographic Pattern • Causal Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

7. Topical Patterns of Organization • Geographic Pattern - Northeastern U.S., North Central U.S., and Pacific Coastal U.S. • Causal Pattern – • Cause—Poor awareness of symptoms and diagnostic procedure • Effect—Escalation of disease to chronic state with long-term physical results Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

8. Using the Topical Pattern • Often used for informative speeches when each main point is one of several aspects of the topic. • Your most important or interesting point first. • Your least compelling points in the middle. • An important or interesting point last. • Remember to begin and end your speech with impact. Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

9. Using the Chronological Pattern • Main points are arranged in a step by step pattern • Could be used to recount an event or could be used to organize a demonstration speech Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

10. Using the Spatial or Geographic Pattern • Main points are arranged according to location in space, such as front to back, left to right, first floor to third floor, or north to south, east to west Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

11. Using the Causal Pattern • Main points have a cause–effect or effect–cause relationship • You must do more than simply assert that a causal relationship exists • You must cite evidence for that relationship and use a variety of supporting materials Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

12. Persuasive Organizational Patterns • Claim • Problem–solution or Solution-Cause • Criteria satisfaction • Comparative advantages • Motivated Sequence Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

13. Using the Claim Pattern • A variation of the topical pattern used in persuasive speaking. • The main points are the reasons (or claims) for believing a particular fact, holding a particular value, or advocating a particular plan • The language is persuasive • Claim pattern can be organized inductively or deductively Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

14. Using the Problem-Solution Pattern • Popular forms • Problem-Solution/Benefits • Problem-Solution/Action • Organizing the speech • Begin with a detailed discussion of the problem including its seriousness and its effect on the audience. • Present ways to solve the problem • Discuss the benefits to the audience and the action that needs to be taken. Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

15. Using the Criteria Satisfaction Pattern • A persuasive tool that can be used when audience members oppose your position • Organizing the speech • Establish the criteria that should be followed when evaluating possible solutions • Show how a proposal or solution meets or exceeds the criteria Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

16. Using the Comparative Advantages Pattern • A persuasive pattern that is normally used when your audience agrees with you on the problem but may not agree on the solution • Organizing the speech • In your introduction briefly mention the problem since the audience is already familiar with it. • In the body of the speech, compare possible solutions • Show how one solution is better than the others Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

17. Using the Motivated Sequence • Developed by Communication Professor Alan Monroe • Follows a Problem-Solution-Action pattern Action Satisfaction Visualization Need Attention Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

18. Steps in the Motivated Sequence • Attention – Grab the listener's attention so they will want to continue listening • Need – direct the audience’s attention to a particular need • Satisfaction – Satisfy the need by presenting a solution • Visualization – illustrate the future for your audience • Action – Propose a course of action Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

19. Organizing the Introduction • Goal I: Catch audience attention • Detailed factual or hypothetical instance • Two or three brief instances • Humor • Quote or paraphrase • Startling fact • Rhetorical or actual question • Reference to the occasion • Fable, saying, poem, or rhyme • Brief demonstration Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

20. Organizing the Introduction • Goal 2: Motivate the audience to listen • Show how your speech is important to them • Refer to your audience demographic and psychological data • Goal 3: Establish credibility and rapport • Tell personal experience with topic • Tell why subject important to you • Cite expert sources you consulted • Show gender and cultural sensitivity Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

21. Organizing the Introduction • Goal 4: Present your thesis statement • State purpose if speech is informative • State position if speech is persuasive • Preview of main points • Include optional content if needed • Background information • Define unfamiliar terms • Mention handouts Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

22. Organizing the Conclusion • Clue audience you are nearing the conclusion • A conclusion takes only 10%-15% of speaking time • Summarize central idea and main points • Refocus the audience’s attention • Offer a closing thought to anchor ideas • Reference to introduction • Challenge the audience • Visualization of future Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

23. Using Q&A • Repeat question before answering it • Rephrase confusing or negative questions • Think before answering each question • Watch for irrelevant or complex questions Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

24. Using Q&A • Don’t argue or get angry or defensive • Mention Q&A in your introduction • Stay on time Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

25. Polishing Your Speech • Use a Preparation Outline • Develop good quality connectors Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

26. Polishing using a Preparation Outline • Add sub-points and supporting material to your rough-draft outline • Write out transitions between main points and sub-points • Include list of references in correct style • Identify locations of visual aids in Bold [Visual #1] Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech

27. Polish with Transitions and Connectors • Transitions – words or phases used link ideas • Sign Posts – indicates where the speaker is going next • Internal Summaries – summarizes the main points of the speech • Repetition/Restatement – helps the listener remember exact words or figures Chapter 7 – Organizing a successful Speech

28. Organizing a Successful Speech Essentials of Public Speaking Cheryl Hamilton 5th Edition Chapter 7 Cheryl Hamilton, Ph.D. Chapter 7 – Organizing a Successful Speech