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Community Ecology

Community Ecology. CHAPTER 53. Food Chain or Food Web?. Ch 54 # 1. Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease.

lilah-melendez
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Community Ecology

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  1. Community Ecology CHAPTER 53

  2. Food Chain or Food Web? Ch 54 # 1

  3. Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease Describe how a decrease in biological diversity results in an increase in the transmission of Lyme disease to humans? How has human activities contributed to this lack of diversity? Text p1147 CH53#2

  4. Acorns, Mice, Moths, Deer, Ticks, Lyme Disease • Low diversity areas, white-footed mouse often the last to disappear.. • Mice carry Lyme disease bacterium which is transmitted to larval ticks as they feed on the mice. • In the spring, larval ticks look for hosts

  5. Brown (introduced from Cuba) and Green anole (native to Florida) • Niche- All Abiotic and biotic factors; habitat. Size? • Size of the fundamental niche vs realized- same for the ‘stronger’, smaller realized niche for the ‘weaker’ Niche Size Ch 53#3

  6. Fundamental vs Realized Niche

  7. No two species can co-exist in a community if they share a niche (have the same needs). • Where there is overlap, competition goes on and one species will always win out. Competitive Exclusion Principlep1151- G.F. Gause Ch 53#5

  8. Instead of out competing another species- they co-exist • Other ways? • location • time of day • nesting sites or times • Food type • plant root depth Resource Partitioning Ch 53#6

  9. Competition Inter = Between different species Intra = within one species Predation Predator Prey Pursuit, ambush Battle at Kruger 8.24 Ch 53#4

  10. Camouflage Ch 53#8

  11. Camouflage “Cryptic Coloration” Malaysian orchid mantis Grey Cicada

  12. Octopus • Grizzly Bear 4.37Camouflage http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-1080207/Masters-disguise-Stunning-pictures-tricks-used-creatures-camouflage-themselves.html

  13. Aposematic Coloration The yellow banded poison dart frog

  14. Mimicry: BatesianvsMullerian ‘Batesian’ butterflies disproved? Experiment, 1991 Text p1155

  15. Batesian mimicry • The harmless mimic gains the same advantage as the dangerous model. • The ‘duped’ predator brings about this evolutionary change. How? • While the increased # could benefit both species, the model could be disadvantaged in this process. How?

  16. The ‘model’ is still an aposematic prey. • The Viceroy butterfly ‘mimic’(top) appears very similar to the noxious tasting Monarch butterfly (bottom). • However, the viceroy is actually more unpalatable than the monarch • The model benefits from being mimic- increasing numbers of toxic prey out there warning away predators • The predator is not ‘duped’- bothreally are harmful Mullerian mimicry

  17. Symbiosis An intimate relationship between two or more organisms of different species. P/S: examples of each? Ch 53#9

  18. ? Mutualism

  19. ? Commensalism

  20. ? Mutualism

  21. Ectoparasite ? Parasitism Ecto or endo?

  22. ? Mutualism

  23. Endoparasite ? Parasitism….. ecto or endo?

  24. Lichen: Fungus + Algae ? Mutualism

  25. ? Mutualism The “crocodile bird- Egyptian plover…subsaharan Africa

  26. Caterpillar Host to Wasp Cocoons ? Parasitism

  27. Black Walnut Tree- Emits a chemical that kills or inhibits growth of other trees or shrubs nearby. ? Amensalism

  28. Succession: The orderly replacement of one community by another. Ecological SuccessionA landscape alteredusually by a natural disaster ?

  29. Krakatoa Eruption 1883 36,000 people died

  30. Nothing but rock…1st life form back??

  31. Lichen

  32. http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/images/53.18x1b.jpg

  33. A subalpine meadow in the Sierra Nevada under invasion by lodgepole pines (Pinuscontorta ssp. murrayana). Depending upon local geological and climatological conditions, this area of grasses and sedges may eventually be replaced by a forest of lodgepole pines

  34. Do you always have to start with primary succession? (Nothing but rock?)

  35. Ecological Successionin a lake • Four stages of succession: • 1. Submersed aquatic plants in the deeper water. • 2. Emergent cattails,bulrushes rooted in the mud of shallow water. • 3. Willow thickets along the banks of distant shoreline. • 4. Conifer forest in drier, well drained soil above the willow thickets.

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