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Intelligence and Intelligence Testing. Intelligence. The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new situation Discussion: Is intelligence one thing or are there multiple intelligences?. Conceptual Difficulties.
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Intelligence • The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to a new situation Discussion: Is intelligence one thing or are there multiple intelligences?
Conceptual Difficulties Psychologists believe that intelligence is a concept and not a thing. When we think of intelligence as a trait (thing) we make an error called reification — viewing an abstract immaterial concept as if it were a concrete thing.
General Intelligence The idea that general intelligence (g) exists comes from the work of Charles Spearman (1863-1945) who helped develop the factor analysis approach in statistics. Athleticism, like intelligence, is many things
General Intelligence Spearman proposed that general intelligence (g) is linked to many clusters that can be analyzed by factor analysis. For example, people who do well on vocabulary examinations do well on paragraph comprehension examinations, a cluster that helps define verbal intelligence. Other factors include a spatial ability factor, or a reasoning ability factor.
General Intelligence L. L. Thurstone, a critic of Spearman, analyzed his subjects NOT on a single scale of general intelligence, but on seven clusters of primary mental abilities, including: Word Fluency Verbal Comprehension Spatial Ability Perceptual Speed Numerical Ability Inductive Reasoning Memory
General Intelligence Later psychologists analyzed Thurstone’s data and found a weak relationship between these clusters, suggesting some evidence of a g factor.
Howard Gardner (1943- ) • Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of eight separate kinds of intelligence
Howard Gardner supports Thurstone’s idea that intelligence comes in multiple forms. Gardner notes that brain damage may diminish one type of ability but not others. People with savant syndrome excel in abilities unrelated to general intelligence.
Robert Sternberg (1949- ) • Author of a contemporary theory of multiple intelligences consisting of: • analytic, • creative, and • practical intelligence
Emotional Intelligence(EQ) • The ability to perceive, express, understand, and regulate emotions • People high in emotional intelligence are more in touch with their feelings and the feelings of others.
Alfred Binet (1857-1911) • Developer of the first test to classify children’s abilities using the concept of mental age • Assumed children’s intellectual abilities grew every year
Elements of Binet Test • Direction • Set a goal and work toward it • Adaptability • Make adjustments to solve a problem • Comprehension • Basic understanding of what the problem is • Self Evaluation • Knowing whether or not you were able to solve the problem correctly
Mental Age • The chronological age that corresponds to the difficulty of the questions a child can answer • An average 8-year-old child should have the mental age of 8 years.
Chronological Age • The actual age of a person
Lewis Terman (1877-1956) • Adapted Binet’s tests for use in the United States as the Stanford-Binet intelligence test • The test reported intelligence as a calculated IQ score.
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) • The number that results from Terman and Stern’s formula for computing the level of a person’s intelligence • IQ = (MA/CA) X 100 • A score of 100 would be considered average • Formula has been replaced with modern versions
David Wechsler (1896-1981) • Developed the Wechsler intelligence scales which included: • Different tests for different age groups • Separate verbal and nonverbal scores • Subtests and subtest scores
David Wechsler Wechsler developed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and later the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC), an intelligence test for preschoolers.
WAIS WAIS measures overall intelligence and 11 other aspects related to intelligence that are designed to assess clinical and educational problems.
Mental Retardation Mentally retarded individuals required constant supervision a few decades ago, but with a supportive family environment and special education they can now care for themselves.
Creativity in Intelligence • What it takes to produce original and useable ideas • “Set” is the tendency to solve the problem the same way over and over • “Breaking Set” happens when an unusual, unexpected idea is created
Intelligence and Creativity Creativity is the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable. It correlates somewhat with intelligence. Expertise: A well-developed knowledge base. Imaginative Thinking: The ability to see things in novel ways. Adventuresome Personality: A personality that seeks new experiences rather than following the pack. Intrinsic Motivation: A motivation to be creative from within. A Creative Environment: A creative and supportive environment allows creativity to bloom.
Mensa • Founded in England in 1946 by Roland Berrill, a barrister, and Dr. Lance Ware, a scientist and lawyer. • only qualification for membership of which was a high IQ. • IQ is in the top 2% of the population • Try the Mensa Workout: http://www.mensa.org/workout
Mensa Members • Geena Davis: Academy-award winning actress, who has starred in The Long Kiss Goodnight, A League of Their Own, Thelma and Louise and Hero. • Donald Petersen: A former chairman of Ford Motor Company. While at Ford, Petersen was involved in the development of two of Ford's most successful cars--the Mustang and the Maverick. • Marilyn Vos Savant: Listed in the Guinness Hall of Fame for having the world's highest recorded IQ (228). Vos Savant writes "Ask Marilyn!", a weekly column in Parade magazine. • Bobby Czyz: A former two-time World Boxing Association (WBA) Cruiserweight Champion. Czyz now commentates on many nationally-broadcasted fights.
Mensa Members • Dr. Julie Peterson: A former Playboy "Playmate," Peterson is a graduate of Life School of Chiropractic. • Alan Rachins: Left the Wharton School of Finance to pursue an acting career (LA Law, Dharma & Greg) • Adrian Cronauer: Radio personality, lawyer and subject for the movie "Good Morning Vietnam.“ • Terance Black: Screenwriter of HBO's "Tales from the Crypt", syndicated series "Dark Justice" and the feature film Dead Heat. • Barry Nolan: Co-anchor of TV's syndicated tabloid program "Hard Copy."
Mensa Members • Deborah Yates: Member of the world-famous Radio City Rockettes. • Bob Speca, Jr.: Professional domino toppler. • Jean Auel: Best-selling author of "Clan of the Cave Bear,” • Maurice Kanbar: Inventor and owner of Skyy Vodka. • Henry Milligan: A boxer and scholar, Milligan was the 1983 National Amateur Heavyweight champion. • Patricia P. Jennings: Pianist with the Pittsburgh Symphony. She is the symphony's first black member and has performed internationally.
High Intelligence Contrary to popular belief, people with high intelligence test scores tend to be healthy, well adjusted, and unusually successful academically.
Group Intelligence Test • Originally designed for the army in World War I • Can be given to large numbers of people • Those supervising the test do not need extensive training • Are very easy to score • Not the most reliable
Achievement Tests • Tests that attempt to measure what the test-taker has accomplished • i.e. classroom tests at the end of a unit
Aptitude Tests • Tests that attempt to predict the test-taker’s future performance • Examples: ACT and SAT
Aptitude and Achievement Tests Aptitude tests are intended to predict your ability to learn a new skill and achievement tests are intended to reflect what you have already learned.
Principles of Test Construction For a psychological test to be acceptable it must fulfill the following three criteria: Standardization Reliability Validity
