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Chapter 22 Comparative Political Systems

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Chapter 22 Comparative Political Systems

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    1. Chapter 22 Comparative Political Systems

    3. Section 1—Great Britain Why It Matters: Unlike the United States, Great Britain has a unitary government that is based on an unwritten constitution. Britain’s monarch is the head of state who reigns, but does not rule. Instead, Parliament holds the legislative and executive power.

    4. Section 1—Great Britain Political Dictionary: Monarchy By-election Coalition Minister Shadow cabinet Devolution

    5. Section 1—Great Britain Unwritten Constitution Parts are written Charters, acts of Parliament, court decisions Unwritten part comes from customs and usages over time The Law of the Constitution Magna Carta—1215 Petition of Right—1628 English Bill of Rights--1689

    6. Section 1—Great Britain The Law of the Constitution (cont) Acts of Parliament Court decisions---make up “common law” The Conventions of the Constitution Annual meeting of Parliament Extremely flexible—hasty actions are possible

    7. Section 1—Great Britain The Monarchy Figureheads Acts are performed in the “name” of the monarch but are really those of the prime minister and Parliament The monarch reigns but does not “rule”

    8. Section 1—Great Britain Parliament Holds both legislative and executive powers Is bicameral—but the House of Commons is much more powerful than the House of Lords

    9. Section 1—Great Britain Parliament (cont) The House of Lords Traditionally hereditary Some members were appointed for life by the monarch—selected for achievements Being reformed to be more representative Limited legislative power—can delay A court function as a court of appeals

    10. Section 1—Great Britain Parliament (cont) The House of Commons 659 members—MPs (529 in England, 72 in Scotland, 40 in Wales, and 18 in Northern Ireland) Selected in a general election which takes place “at least” every 5 years. A “by-election” fills vacancies

    11. Section 1—Great Britain The House of Commons (cont) House chamber holds 350 Long rows of benches Leaders sit in front—backbenchers are junior Ten standing committees The Prime Minister Leader of his party Sometimes forms a coalition (1940-1945)

    12. Section 1—Great Britain The Cabinet Members of the House (some in Lords) Leaders of government---administer departments A “shadow-cabinet” is formed by the opposition—ready to govern if the government “falls.”

    13. Section 1—Great Britain Calling Elections “At least” every 5 years When the government fails a “vote of confidence”—loss of support Parliament is dissolved by the monarch. No system of checks and balances Political Parties Labour Conservatives—Tories Liberal Party

    14. Section 1—Great Britain Regional and Local Government Unitary government Devolution—to Scotland and Wales Local Government—470 units The Courts Different courts in Scotland and Wales No judicial review like the U.S.

    15. Section 2--Japan Objectives: Examine early Japanese government and the Japanese constitution. Summarize the structure and functions of the National Diet. Explain how the prime minister and cabinet perform the nation’s executive functions. Examine the Japanese bureaucracy, political parties, and courts. Understand regional and local government in Japan.

    16. Section 2--Japan Why It Matters: Like Great Britain, Japan is a parliamentary democracy. The emperor serves as a symbol of the state but has no power to govern. Instead, the bicameral parliament—the National Diet—is the highest institution of state power. The Diet’s powerful House of Representatives chooses the country’s prime minister and cabinet.

    17. Section 2--Japan Political Dictionary: Consensus Dissolution Prefecture

    18. Section 2--Japan Early Japanese Government Mostly evolved after 4th Century Largely isolated throughout history Mikado was ruler by divine right Power was really in a Shogun—military might Also a number of noble families—daimyo Supported by warrior servants—samurai Dutch and Portuguese had some contact but the real opening came in 1853 when U. S. Admiral Perry visited.

    19. Section 2--Japan Early Japanese Government (cont) Japan rapidly modernized—becoming an aggressor in World War II The U. S. occupied Japan after WW II Administered by General Douglas MacArthur. Far reaching democratic system was established after World War II

    20. Section 2--Japan The Constitution—1947 The emperor is a symbol Bill of rights Anti-military provisions—but broadly interpreted

    21. Section 2--Japan The National Diet House of Councillors—252 members who sit for 6 years Has prestige and is “advisory” House of Representatives—480 seats 300 single member—180 from 11 larger areas Can vote “no confidence”—make treaties—raise funds—appropriate money Consensus politics is important in “sedate” Japan

    22. Section 2--Japan Executive Functions Prime Minister chosen by majority in the House of Representatives. Prime Minister appoints cabinet from the House and bureaucracy Prime Minister can dissolve the House and call for new elections. “Dissolution”

    23. Section 2--Japan The Bureaucracy Civil Service—technocrats Very powerful and influential Political Parties Liberal Democrats who are conservative and historically the dominant party. Democratic Party of Japan is the chief rival

    24. Section 2--Japan The Courts Similar to the United States, they do have judicial review but seldom use it. Regional and Local Government 47 “prefectures”—each with an elected governor. Funded by national government Japan is a “unitary” state 3,200 municipalities

    25. Section 3--Mexico Objectives: Summarize Mexico’s early political history. Examine Mexico’s three branches of government. Describe recent changes in Mexico’s national politics. Explain how Mexico’s regional and local government is structured.

    26. Section 3--Mexico Why It Matters: In form, Mexico’s political system is similar to that of the United States in that it has three independent branches of government. In operation, however, the Mexican political system is the product of Mexico’s unique culture and history.

    27. Section 3--Mexico Political Dictionary: Mestizo Nationalization North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

    28. Section 3--Mexico Early Political History Aztecs—15th and 16th Centuries Spanish dominance for the next three centuries—constant border conflict. Independence from Spain—1821 “Mestizo” population—both European and native. 2 year emperor—then Santa Anna and the 1824 constitution. Not democratic. 100 years of chaos—dictatorships and reforms

    29. Section 3--Mexico Early Political History (cont) The Constitution of 1917 Sparked by a revolution A more “democratic” constitution Three Branches of Government The President Single 6 year term—quite powerful The General Congress 64 senators and 500 Chamber of Deputies The Court System—similar to the U. S.

    30. Section 3--Mexico National Politics The PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party)—controlled government for 70 years In 1938 nationalization of the oil industry. North American Free Trade Act (NAFTA) 2000 election saw power go to PAN Party of Vicente Fox. Regional and Local Government 31 states with governors and legislatures and one federal district Most funding comes from the national government.

    31. Section 4--Russia Objectives: Summarize Russia’s political history after the Bolshevik Revolution. Outline the structure of the Soviet government. Describe Mikhail Gorbachev’s reforms. Identify events leading to the fall of the Soviet Union. Examine the structure of the Russian government.

    32. Section 4--Russia Why It Matters: The Soviet dictatorship controlled Russia for more than 70 years. It began to undergo broad changes when Mikhail Gorbachev gained power in 1985. In 1991, the once-mighty Soviet Union dissolved. Today the Russian people are still struggling to organize and run democratic institutions.

    33. Section 4--Russia Political Dictionary: Purge Soviets Peresroika Glasnost

    34. Section 4--Russia Political History “Modern” Russia emerged under Peter the Great in 1721 Czarist Russia lost the Russo-Japanese War in 1904-05 and collapsed after World War I in 1917 The Bolshevik Revolution—1917 Led by Lenin Stalin assumed power in 1924 Numerous “purges” Staggering losses in World War II Cold War from the 1940s to early 1990s

    35. Section 4--Russia Soviet Government Structure 15 republics—largely nationalistic groups “Elected” soviets—but highly centralized The Soviet Constitution—did not contain fundamental law or guarantee basic rights. The Legislature—rubber stamp. The Communist Party—specially chosen people—9% of the adult population. Controlled by the Politburo and general secretary.

    36. Section 4--Russia Gorbachev’s Reforms Perestroika—restructuring of political and economic life. Glasnost—policy of openness—toleration of dissent. 2,250 member legislature President with broad powers Reduction in the power of the “Party” More important to be head of state instead of head of party.

    37. Section 4--Russia Fall of the Soviet Union Democratization swept across “Soviets” Attempted “coup” to oust Gorbachev—failed in 1991. 14 of the 15 “republics” became independent.

    38. Section 4--Russia Russian Government Today The Constitution of 1993 Guarantees basic rights. Political Parties—multi-party system The Executive Branch President who appoints a prime minister Directly elected for two four year terms Must be 35 and 10 years a citizen

    39. Section 4--Russia Russian Government Today (cont) The Legislature Council of the Federation—178 members Lower house—Duma—450 deputies Constitutional Court 19 members—judicial review Regional and Local Governments 49 Oblasts (provinces) and 6 large territories 21 republics—ethnic, non-Russian Some are independence seeking (Chechnya)

    40. Section 5--China Objectives: Examine China’s political background. Describe China’s government today.

    41. Section 5--China Why It Matters: The People’s Republic of China is controlled by the Chinese Communist Party, the largest political party in the world. Although the Chinese government is pursuing economic reform, it continues to repress political dissent.

    42. Section 5--China Political Dictionary: Cultural Revolution Autonomous

    43. Section 5--China Political Background 5,000 year old culture—but current government dates to 1949 after a long civil war. China Under Mao Nationalists fled to Taiwan Mao embarked on a series of five-year plans Cultural Revolution began in 1966 Purge “four olds”: thought, culture, customs, and habits.

    44. Section 5--China Political Background (cont) Reform and Repression Crushing of Tiananmen Square protest in 1989. China Today The Constitution—frequently changed Does not guarantee basic rights. China’s Communist Party—58m members 1,900 in National Party Congress 20 Politburo members actually rule Secretariat does day to day ruling.

    45. Section 5--China China Today (cont) The National Government National People’s Congress—3,000 deputies Elected for 5 year terms On paper very powerful—but under Communist Party State Council Headed by the premier—who is chosen by the communist party (the CCP) Standing Committee is a major decision making body.

    46. Section 5--China China Today (cont) The Judicial System Few guarantees of a fair trial Capital punishment is frequent Local Political Divisions China is unitary 22 provinces—mostly ethnic minorities. Hong Kong is a special administrative region Taiwan Chiang Kai-shek fled there with Nationalists China asserts right to rule as a province—rejected by the Taiwanese

    48. Section 5--China

    49. Section 5--China

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