The ScorePP Approach to Predict Releases of Priority Pollutants From Urban Sources

1. The ScorePP Approach to Predict Releases of Priority Pollutants From Urban Sources Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft1, Erica Donner2, Veerle Gevaert3, Webbey De Keyser3, Tonie Wickman4, Matej Cerk5, Eva Eriksson1, André Lecloux6, Primož Banovec5 and Anna Ledin1 1DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 2Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK 3BIOMATH, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium 4Environmental Monitoring, Stockholm Stad, Stockholm, Sweden 5Faculty of civil and Geodetic Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia6Envicat Consulting, Avenue Montesquieu 36, B-1300 Wavre, Belgium ScorePP Dissemination WorkshopWendake, QuebecMonday 5 October 2009

2. Aim • The main project aim is to develop Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutantsfrom urban areas • The specific aim of this task was to identify potential sources and to quantify releases of priority pollutants

3. Approach Develop Source Classification Framework Compile data on sources & releases Classifying using the Emission String concept Establish releases based on the compiled data

4. Source Classification Framework • Requirements • Content should be structured and organised in a harmonised way • Ensure that the different sources could be distinguished from each other • To be valid EU wide • Dynamic and to be used after this project ends • Inspiration • US EPA SCC • TGD • Harmonised codes like CN, NACE and NOSE • EINECS, CAS#

5. Source Classification Framework – the Emission String concept • CAS #: unique identification of each substance • NOSE: unique identification of emission processes • NACE: unique identification of economic activities related with the source • The ScorePP defined descriptors of • Urban Structure, comprising e.g. • Construction sites • Facilities; e.g. factories, dentists, slaughter houses (i.e. legal entities) • Households • Rivers • Roads • Waste sites/landfills • Release Pattern • Temporal releases on a daily, weekly and yearly basis • Release Factor • All data are stored in a database

6. Compiling data • Risk Assessment Reports from EU • Hazardous Substance Data Bank and Household Product Database from US NLM • Handbooks and electronic compilations, e.g. the Merck Index, Rippen, the e-Pesticide Manual, Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology • Research articles

7. Classifying sources using the ES concept Waste RP/RF Waste RP/RF Waste RP/RF NACE NOSE US RP/RF Wear & tear CAS# Waste Waste RP/RF Disposal RP/RF RP/RF

8. SCF tested on a selection of WFD substances

9. Number of ESs for each PP(ab 900 ESs in total)

10. Number of ESs in each urban structure(ab 900 ESs in total)

11. Archetype sources • Agriculture • Construction sites and buildings • Facilities • Households • Roads • Waste disposal • Diffuse and other not immediately classifiable sources

12. Environmental releases due to households • Heating • Anthracene: 0,8-102 mg/kg wood • Benzo(a)pyrene: 2,7 mg/kg coal • Benzo(a)pyrene: 27 µg/kg wood • Smoking • Anthracene: 34 ng/cigaret • Benzene: 10-100 µg/cigaret • Benzo(a)pyrene: 5-1600 ng/cigaret • Clothes and building materials • DEHP:250 kg • DCM: 10-80 µg/m2/h • TCE: 3,6 µg/m2/h • Fertilizers and pest control • Diuron: 7,5-25 mg/application • Cd: from fertilizers • Building materials • Ni: 0,3-0,8 mg/m2 stainless steel/yr • Cd: 0,01-10 kg/yr from Zn-materials • DEHP: 16 tonnes/yr • Clothes • DEHP: 950 kg/yr • Greywater • Hg: 17µg/PE/d • Cd: 5 kg/yr • TCE: 8-100 µg/L • Ni: jewellery, coins, washing etc. • Benzo(a)pyrene: 1,8 µg/PE/d • Painting and car wash • DEHP: 12 kg/yr • Fertilizers • Cd: 500 g/yr • Building materials • DEHP:600 kg/yr Plus releases of HCB, HCH, PeCB, TBTs, chlorpyrifos, endrin, Pb, trifluralin and NPs

13. Environmental releases due to vehicular transport on roads • Anthracene • Combustion: 5,2-28 µg/kg fuel burned, depending on vehicle and fuel type • Benzene • Combustion: 4-10 mg/km driven, depending on vehicle type • Benzo(a)pyrene • Combustion: 1-8 µg/km driven, without and with catalyst • Cadmium (from both break linings, tyres, fuel and asphalt) • 7 kg/year is released in Stockholm with 780.000 inhabitants • DEHP (from undercoating) • 200 kg/year is released in Stockholm with 780.000 inhabitants • Mercury • Tyres: 4-240 µg/km depending on vehicle type • Roads: 3-17 µg/km depending on vehicle type • Nickel • Combustion: 21-107 and 3,2-2310 ng/km driven, for gasoline and diesel, respectively • Brake-linings, tyres and asphalt: 91-182 ng/km

14. Statistics for Denmark year 2007

15. Environmental releases due to vehicular transport on roads Release of nickel from Danish highways: 108 kg • Benzene from cars: 154 tonnes • Benzo(a)pyrene: 360 kg • DEHP: 1,41 tonnes • Depending on fuel and vehicle type: • Anthracene: 12-67 kg • Nickel: 4,4-117 kg • Benzene frombusses, lorries etc: 105 tonnes • Cadmium: 49 kg • Mercury: 0,3-12 tonnes Plus releases of anthracene from wear & tear of tyres and asphalt and release of anthracene, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene due to leakage & spillage Thomas Ruby Bentzen, PhD thesis (2008)

16. Use of emission strings in a framework of consistent approach towards the management PP emissions • As standardized framework for the exchange of information • Defined in different processess: • Monitoring • Permitting • Public participation • Non-compliance meausres • Green taxes • Benchmarking (national, sectorial) • Institutional analysis (shared responsibilities i.e. emergency response and regular pollution flow) • Impact assessment (shared responsibilities for the impacts) • Other University of Ljubljana

17. Further elaboration of the classification efforts – beyond emission strings (ES as a core definition) • Definition of emission barriers • Definition of emission control measures • Definition of emission control strategies • Definition of substitution options • Adaptation matrix (adaptation of ES to city/watershed level) • Definition of economic dimensions of PP pollution (related benefits, costs) • Definition of perception of the DPSIR concept by individuals – behaviour of households • Definition of the emissions from product use (not only activities) University of Ljubljana

18. Process definitions applied:ES + AM + EB = emissions = Localized emission load Emission control measures (ECM)Emission control strategie (ECS) University of Ljubljana

19. Conclusions • SCF established – based on literature knowledge about sources • About 900 ESs established for the 25 WFD substances • Overall 16% with concrete knowledge about release quantities • Overall 65% without any quantitative data on release into the technosphere • WFD substances occur in a wide variety of sources and activities in urban settings and are released to all studied compartments • Most sources are related to production activities • Other large categories are households, waste disposal, agriculture, construction and transport • Classifying the sources according to the Urban Structure descriptor enables • Sources to be linked to GIS, thus enhancing visualisation • Definition of archetype sources and thus a better targeting of mitigation options and Emission Control Strategies

20. Acknowledgement • The presented results have been obtained within the framework of the project ScorePP - “Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants”, contract no. 037036, a project coordinated by Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark within the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development section of the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration.