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The ScorePP Approach to evaluate Emission Control Strategies for Urban Priority Pollutants

The ScorePP Approach to evaluate Emission Control Strategies for Urban Priority Pollutants. Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft 1 , Webbey De Keyser 2 , Lorenzo Benedetti 2 , Laura Raggatt 3 , Peter Steen Mikkelsen 1 and Eva Eriksson 1

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The ScorePP Approach to evaluate Emission Control Strategies for Urban Priority Pollutants

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  1. The ScorePP Approach to evaluate Emission Control Strategies for Urban Priority Pollutants Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft1, Webbey De Keyser2, Lorenzo Benedetti2, Laura Raggatt3, Peter Steen Mikkelsen1and Eva Eriksson1 1DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark 2BIOMATH, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium 3Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK EEA SeminarCopenhagenTuesday 7 December 2010

  2. Presentation • MSc in pharmacy (1991-1996) • Medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis of AMPA-receptor ligands • PhD (1996-2000) • Environmental Risk Assessment of Antimicrobials; experimental work on ecotoxicity and environmental fate; literature study of ecotoxicity and occurrence in relation to fish farming activities • PostDoc at KU-Life (2000-2001) • Environmental fate of antimicrobials in soil and porewater • PostDoc at Novo Nordisk (2001-2003) • Stability testing of tablets – development of super enhanced stability testing methods • AssProf at KU-Life (2003-2005) • Intestinal absorption of pharmaceuticals • Pharmacist (2005-2006) • AssocProf at DTU Environment (2006- ) • Source characterisation of (organic) priority substances; inherent properties, source tracking, source dynamics, urban releases • Sampling, extraction, purification and analysis or organic substances • Monitoring; Stakeholder interaction

  3. Background • European Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) implemented in 2000 with Environmental Quality Standards implemented in 2008 • Aim of EU WFD is to improve water quality of European water courses • Both pollution source inventories as well as monitoring programmes have to be established • EU member states are obliged to improve water quality through more than one measure, for instance • Legislation • Improved handling and treatment of waste streams (municipal/industrial wastewater or stormwater) • Voluntary initiatives

  4. Aim • The main aim of the ScorePP project was to develop Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutantsfrom urban areas • The specific aim of this task was to develop an Urban Framework to identify the most appropriate Emission Control Strategy for reducing the releases of priority pollutants listed in the EU WFD

  5. Approach Use the developed Emission String concept to establish a pollution source inventory Apply pollution sources in constructed Semi Hypothetical Case Cities Perform scenario calculations (SFA and IUWS model) for the different relevant Emission Control Strategies Identification of appropriate Emission Control Strategies

  6. The Emission String concept • What is an Emission String concept? • A structured way of classifying substance releases from urban pollution sources – e.g. mercury via amalgam at dentists, diuron from painted facades, phthalates from undercoatings of vehicles • Requirements • Content should be structured and organised in a harmonised way • Ensure that different pollution sources could be distinguished from each other • To be dynamic and valid EU wide • Inspiration • US EPA Source Classification Code (US EPA SCC) • The Technical Guidance Document on Risk assessment (TGD) • Harmonised codes like the Common Nomenclature (CN), the National Classification of Economic Activities (NACE) and the NOmenclature for Sources Emissions (NOSE) • EINECS, CAS#

  7. The Emission String concept • CAS #: unique identification of each substance • NOSE-P: unique identification of emission processes • NACE: unique identification of economic activities related with the source • The ScorePP defined descriptors of • Urban Structure, comprising e.g. • Construction sites • Facilities; e.g. factories, dentists, slaughter houses (i.e. legal entities) • Households • Rivers • Roads • Waste sites/landfills • Release Pattern • Temporal releases on a daily, weekly and yearly basis • Release Factor • All data are stored in a database

  8. Compiling data • Knowledge on pollution sources and their quantitative and qualitative releases were compiled from • Online Risk Assessment Reports from EU • Hazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB) and Household Product Database from US NLM • Handbooks and electronic compilations, e.g. the Merck Index, Rippen, the e-Pesticide Manual, Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopaedia of Chemical Technology • Research articles

  9. Classifying sources using the Emission String concept

  10. Case cities and selection criteria in other studies Not published yet! • 87 project reviewed, 31 contacted, 17 replied • Primary selection criteria • Geographical location • Good contact • Secondary selection criteria • City characteristics • Climate • Data • End-users • Management and governance • Technique/structure

  11. Illustration of the approach to design ’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypes’ Not published yet!

  12. Case cities and ’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypes’ • Case cities: Vastly different with respect to climate, industry, treatment technologies and environmental awareness. + Real-life monitoring, existing industries and release patterns etc - Limited by confidential or missing information • SHCCA: Designed to represent different geographical and urban systems • All data available which is needed for further work (modelling, visualisation, multi-criteria analysis, evaluation of emission control strategies).

  13. Description of technical parameters for the’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypes’ Not published yet!

  14. Overview of parameters for the’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypes’ Not published yet!

  15. Archetypes • Geographical system • Climate; Size; Rainfall; Population etc • Urban system • Urban structures; Financial and activity systems; Technical systems and consumption; Pollution level; Local authorities and households • Emission control strategies • Generic and city specific Emission control strategies Urban system Geographical system

  16. Emission Control Strategies ECS 1: BaselineThe doing-nothing-strategy ECS 2: Implementation of relevant EU directivesRoHS, WEEE, Urban wastewater directive, Sewage sludge directive ECS 3: 2 + Household and municipality voluntary initiativesRecycling, information campaigns, greywater treatment, eco-labelling etc. ECS 4: 2 + Industrial Best Available TechnologiesAll industries implement BAT ECS 5: 2 + Post-Environmental Release Control and TreatmentTreatment of stormwater, reducing CSO ECS 6: 2 + Advanced end-of-pipe wastewatertreatmentFull connection to WWTPs, AOP in larger WWTPs

  17. ECS3 ECS5 ECS5 ECS4 ECS3 ECS6 ECS5 Schematic illustration of theEmission Control Strategies Not published yet! ECS2 ECS3

  18. Inflow Calculations of urban releases using Substance Flow Analysis STOCK • Substance Flow Analysis • Simple book keeping based on the Emission String pollution inventory with quantitative release data Outflow

  19. Calculations of urban releases using the Integrated Urban Wastewater System model SOURCES • Integrated Urban Wastewater System model • A dynamic model integrating urban substance input based on the Emission String pollution inventory with quantitative release data • Effects of legislative as well as stormwater, wastewater and voluntary initiatives are dynamically modelled to show the results of the various Emission Control Strategies Boundaries of the urban system RELEASE Soil/Groundwater WWTP Treatment options Septic tank Activated sludge Fate models technosphere Air Stormwater BMPs on-line sludge treatment biofilters Physical-chemical treatment Sludge Lagoon/pond SURFACE WATER Sediments Water Fate models environment Air

  20. Substances and their properties and uses • Benzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P • Is a combustion by-product neither commercially produced nor used • Is released from combustion of fossil fuel used for transport, electricity and heat but also from various other incineration processes • Is a lipophillic substance that sorbs to particles in the gaseous as well as aqueous phases • Di(ethylhexyl)phthalate, DEHP • Is a plasticizer commercially produced and used in polymer materials • Is passively released from wall and floor covering, plastic tubes and cables and from undercoating paste of cars • Is a lipophillic substance that sorbs to particles

  21. Emission Strings for benzo[a]pyrene • Emission Strings with release factors • Incineration in relation to: waste and heat&power production (sewage sludge, wood, coal, oil etc.) • Combustion of fuel for transport • Deposition of sludge on land • Releases from industrial production of commodities (coke, petroleum, cement and asphalt) • Emission Strings with loads • Releases from the production of metal, food, textiles, organic and inorganic chemicals • Emission Strings without quantitative release data • Leaching from bitumen (e.g. roofing) and asphalt • Coal tar, petroleum, pulp, fibre and paper and wood preservation industries • Run-off from coal storage areas • Natural sources like volcano eruptions and forest fires as well as recreational fires

  22. Emission Strings for di(ethylhexyl)phthalate • Emission Strings with release factors • None • Emission Strings with loads • Handling of the pure substance • Undercoating of motor vehicles • Production of electricity • Release from electrical cables – indoor and outdoor • Treatment of waste; land fills • Various manufacturing; sealants, paint, ink, ceramic, plastic, DEHP • Release from floor and wall covering • Various building materials; tubes, profiles, coated metal sheets • Textiles, clothing, footwear, shoes • Emission Strings without quantitative release data • None

  23. Results for benzo[a]pyrene using SFA

  24. Results for DEHP • Using SFA: • Using IUWSmodelling:

  25. Results for DEHP using the IUWS model (ECS 1)

  26. Results for DEHP using the IUWS model (ECS 4)

  27. Example results for DEHP using theIUWS model (ECS1) Infiltration pond soil (ug/kg solids) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Combined sewer system Stormwater to infiltration ponds 27

  28. Conclusions • Benzo[a]pyrene • For reducing the emissions to the receiving compartment focus has to be put on enhanced stormwater management – however, aerial deposition may be the major source as most B[a]P is released to the air compartment • A dramatic (-al) change in the way to provide electricity, heat and power and other activities involving combustion of fossil fuel has to take place • Di(ethylhexyl)phthalate • Both the SFA and the IUWS modelling show that focus has to be put on the best available technologies for the industry, as both the total input of DEHP to the system is severely reduced, as well is the emission to the receiving compartment • For both • Treatment of wet-weather discharges, or accept sediment pollution ... • Databases and tools are developed, waiting for more applications! 

  29. Acknowledgement • The presented results have been obtained within the framework of the project ScorePP - “Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants”, contract no. 037036, a project coordinated by Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark within the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development section of the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration.

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