Chapter 4, Section 4

1. Chapter 4, Section 4

2. “The Civil Rights Struggle”

3. Separate and Not Equal

4. Separate and Not Equal • Despite gaining freedom in 1865 and the addition of the “Civil War Amendments”, African Americans still did not receive the same treatment as others.

5. Separate and Not Equal • “Discrimination” (unfair treatment based on prejudice against certain groups) against African Americans was common throughout the U.S.

6. Separate and Not Equal • In the South, “Jim Crow Laws” were created to separate African Americans from whites. • “Segregation” is the social separation of the races

7. Separate and Not Equal • While African Americans fared a little better in Northern states, their struggle for “civil rights” continued for 100 years after their freedom

8. Separate and Not Equal • “Civil Rights” are the rights of full citizenship and equality under the law

9. “N.A.A.C.P” In 1909, the “National Association for the Advancement of Colored People” (“NAACP”) was created (founded by W.E.B DuBois) It’s goal was to erase the “second class citizen” status of African Americans and challenge laws and customs that denied African Americans their constitutional rights.

10. “National Urban League” The “National Urban League” was founded in 1910 to help African Americansfind jobs and improve their opportunities to get ahead in life It aided African Americans who were living in large, urban cities throughout the U.S.

11. Gains in Civil Rights • In 1948, President Truman ended segregation in the U.S. armed forces

12. Gains in Civil Rights In 1954, “Brown vs. Board of Education” was a landmark court case that challenged segregation in public schools. Lawyers from the “NAACP” successfully argued this was unconstitutional.

13. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • In the 1950’s, a Baptist preacher named Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. became the voice of the “Civil Rights” movement in the U.S.

14. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. • Using “non-violent resistance” such as boycotts, marches, and demonstrations; Dr. King created an enormous following.

15. “I Have A Dream” In 1963, Dr. King gave the historic “I Have A Dream” speech to thousands in Washington DC; inspiring a nation and helping push forward civil rights issues.

16. “Sit Ins” & “Freedom Riders” African American students followed Dr. King’s teachings and had “sit-ins” in white only restaurants and lunch counters.

17. “Sit Ins” & “Freedom Riders” Also, African American students (and whites) called “Freedom Riders” traveled together on public buses to protest segregation in the South

18. “Civil Rights Act of 1964” The “Civil Rights Act of 1964” was passed by Congress and prohibited discrimination in public facilities, employment, education, and voter registration (by race, gender, religion, or national origin)

19. Civil Rights Legislation

20. Other Challenges • Other minority groups benefited from the new civil rights legislations, but white Americans still tended to have more opportunities.

21. “Affirmative Action” • In the 1970’s, “affirmative action” programs to expedite changes in hiring and promoting minority groups and women

22. “Affirmative Action” In 2003, “affirmative action” was brought to the Supreme Court after accusations that it discriminated against whites and men. In “Gratz vs. Bollinger”, the Court found that the University of Michigan’s admission policy favored minority applicants at the expense of others.

23. Other Issues • Each year, the U.S. government receives over 75,000 complaints of discrimination in the workplace.

24. Other Issues “Racial profiling” (singling out suspects based on appearance) is still an issue for some minority groups. “Hate Crimes” (acts of violence based on a person’s race, color, national origin, gender, or disability) also occur.