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And now...

And now. Situated Cognition. Lucy Suchman. Bill Clancy. Ed Hutchins. Situated Cogition: Lucy Suchman. social & cultural anthropology. ethnographic studies of everyday practices of technology design and use. PhD 1984 Berkeley (Westküste). Xerox Parc (Palo Alto Research Center).

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And now...

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  1. And now...

  2. Situated Cognition Lucy Suchman Bill Clancy Ed Hutchins

  3. Situated Cogition: Lucy Suchman • social & cultural anthropology • ethnographic studies of everyday practices • of technology design and use. • PhD 1984 Berkeley (Westküste) • Xerox Parc (Palo Alto Research Center)

  4. Cognitivism  Real World #2 I Robot Control (Embodied AI) II „applications“ AI products in der (Arbeits-)Welt Ethnography of everyday practices Situated Action / Cognition HCI – Human Computer Interaction CSCW – Computer Supported Cooperative Work

  5. social sciences  cognitive science: Plans • Sicht von außen: • Was bedeuten Pläne für die (klassische) cognitive science? 1. Beschreibung von zielgerichtetem Verhalten • post hoc • inferiert 2. psychologischer Mechanismus der das Verhalten erzeugt • zeitlich vorher • hierarchisch - sehr detailliert • Rep von Handlungen: • Vorbedingungen - Konsequenzen

  6. Plans 2 • Sicht der Sozialwissenschaften ad 2: Situationen zu dynamisch ad 1: Beschreibung ≠ „wirklich vorhandende Pläne“ • Bsp: Einkaufszettel & Detektiv • Einkaufsliste: Ergebnis ad 1 & 2: • Beschreibung (post hoc) & Erklärung (kausal) • werden vermischt!

  7. Plans 3 • Sicht der Sozialwissenschaften 3. Gegenstand der Forschung • sind Teil von Aktivitäten • entstehen vor / während / nach der „Ausführung“ • manifestieren sich wiederholt in verschiedener Form • können vage sein • werden ständig angepasst • oder massiv geändert

  8. Aktivitäten beschreiben & verstehen • Pläne sind Beschreibungs- & Erklärungsmethoden (cogsci)  Übertragung auf soziale Prozesse: Pläne werden zugeschrieben  soziales Handeln: erweitertes individuelles Handeln • Beschreibung (& „Erklärung“) von Aktivitäten ist zentral für die • Methodik der Sozialwissenschaften  Pläne sind eher Teil des Gegenstandes als Teil des „Protokolls“

  9. Xerox Copying Machines (early 80ies) Describe the document to be copied: yes no Is it a bound document? Copy both sides of each sheet? Is it on standard size (8.5´´ x 11´´)? Is it on standard thickness paper? Quality of original [...] [...] yes no yes no yes no PROCEED HELP

  10. Xerox Expert Help System • reasons backward from target state OVERVIEW: You need to use the Bound Document Aid (BDA) to make an unbound copy of your original. That copy can then be put into the Recirculating Document Handler (RDH) to make your collated two-sided copies. INSTRUCTION: please wait Change Task Description HELP

  11. Analyse von Kopieraktivitäten • zu zweit kopieren • Dialog & Handlung transkribieren THE USERS THE MACHINE available to the users available to the machine design rationale available to the user 123 972 „bla“ [pause] ... .... .... [action] <lid open>

  12. Analyse von Kopieraktivitäten • eigentlich ganz elegant • viele subtile Kommunikation – basiert auf Konventionen • aber massenhaft Fehlerquellen  Ambiguitäten  Hilfe (Was vs. Warum), neuer Job vs. Job modifizieren  Next Step?  bisher korrekt? ja/nein? Fehler zunächst unbemerkt!  feature not a bug  Missverständnisse: Zwischenergebnisse, Schleifen ...

  13. Analyse von Kopieraktivitäten: Summary • Ursachen: reichhaltige Bedeutung & Koordination  zwischen usern  aber nicht zwischen Mensch - Maschine • 1000 Banalitäten ...  Pausen, etc

  14. „Pläne“ in der Situated Cognition • Vorbemerkung  epistemische  pragmatische Handlungen  Kirsch & Maglio 1994

  15. Epistemic actions in tetris

  16. Epistemic actions

  17. Epistemic actions

  18. Epistemic actions in Scrabble

  19. „Plans“ in Situated Actions • Ökologie am Arbeitsplatz

  20. Situated Action: teilnehmende Beobachtung In the interpretation of purposeful action, it is hard to know where the observation leaves off and the interpretation begins. In recognition of the fact that human behavior is a figure defined by its ground, social science has largely turned from the observation of behavior to the explication of the background that seems to lend behavior its sense Lucy Suchman (1987), p. 43

  21. Situated Action: teilnehmende Beobachtung • tieferes Verstehen von Situationen  braucht Immersion  nimmt Einfluss  Identifikation  Distanz  soziale Rahmenbedingungen

  22. Situated Action  mainstream cognitive science [C]ognitive scientists ignore the environment and social structure of interaction. Cognitive scientists and social scientists tend to take for granted each other’s concepts. Aaron V. Cicourel, Cognition and cultural belief (1995)  „Psychologismus“ & Reduktion  andere Methoden  andere Fragestellungen  andere Analyseebene  anderes Weltbild

  23. Sozialpsychologie: Attribution Theory • Fundamental Attribution Error

  24. Sozialpsychologie: Attribution Theory • Annahmen werden explizit in Sozial & EntwicklungsY • aus der Sicht der SoWis: cognitive science begeht • Fundamental Attribution Error • stattdessen sozio-kultureller Kontext Institute of Sociology Institute of Psychology • “the other side of the coin” that social scientists tend to • “treat cognition as if it were self-evident” (Cicourel)

  25. Situated Action  mainstream cognitive science "Behaviorist," cries the symbolic proponent, "you think that everything is controlled by the environment, independent of internal processing.“ "Disembodied intelligence" cry the situated action folks, "you tend to have a person lost in thought, planning all future actions regardless of the fact that the situations in the world will change faster than thought can keep up, so your approach is idealistic, overly simple, and doomed to failure." Don Norman 1994  Missverständnisse!!!

  26. Situated Cognition on Mars?

  27. Situated Cognition zurück am Boden • Bill Clancey • Simulating Human Activities • BRAHMS  integrativen Ansatz  Auseinandersetzung mit etlichen Theorien  Activity Theory: Leont‘iev (Vygotsky) http://www.marxists.org/subject/psychology/

  28. Situated Cognition on Mars? The FMARS habitat (Flashline Mars Arctic Research Station) Nahezu ideales setting:  immer noch sehr komplexe Umwelt & Interaktionen  Kontrolle: big brother style  longterm (Projekt ~3 Wochen & ongoing) (teilnehmend)  Notwendigkeit Kultur wieder zu sehen!

  29. Situated Cognition: Brahms We developed Brahms as a tool to support the design of work by illuminating how formal flow descriptions relate to the social systems of work; we accomplish this by incorporating multiple views – relating people, information, systems, and geography – in one tool.

  30. Situated Cognition: Brahms • (multiple) groups (& individuals)  setting  interactions • (deskriptiv  generativ: agent systems)

  31. Situated Cognition “The activity of waiting highlights how the notion of cognition has been biased to focus on a certain type of attention, namely actively seeking a path of action or carrying out a practiced procedure with structured steps. When we view waiting as an activity, we realize it has content, quite unlike the “WAIT” instruction in a computer program.“

  32. Situated Cognition  Problem Solving Simulating activities in natural settings [...] provides a special opportunity to relate social and physiological concerns to problem solving Situated Action  mainstream cognitive science “All human activity is purposeful. But not every goal is a problem to be solved (cf. Newell & Simon 1972), and not every action is motivated by a task“

  33. Situated Cognition  Problem Solving Simulating activities in natural settings [...] provides a special opportunity to relate social and physiological concerns to problem solving “the concern of cognitive science has been biased by the notion that intelligence is concerned with solving problems (cf. Gardner 1985). As has been said in different ways since the mid-1980s, problem solving behavior is left hanging in midair, not properly related to human motives (especially how goals and solution methods are formulated) or to human action (how behavior is coordinated moment-by-moment).“

  34. Situated Cognition: Ed Hutchins • Anthropologie • cogsci • Navigation • „outdoor psychology“ • cognitive ethnography – • cognition in the wild

  35. Situated Cognition: Navigation • unterschiedliche Navy Schiffe • komplexe Identitäten • civilian: odd one out... • Arbeitsteilung & Koordination innerhalb & zwischen Gruppen  Ethnographie: soziokulturelles System  aber: problem-solving framework: navigation

  36. Navigation: Where am I?

  37. Navigation: Where am I?

  38. Navigation: Where am I going?

  39. David Marr‘s framework extended

  40. Situated Cognition: Aviation Hutchins, E. (1995). How a Cockpit remembers its speeds. Cognitive Science19: 265-88.

  41. Hutchins‘ salespitch “The cognitive science approach provides a very useful frame for thinking about thinking.” “I will attempt to show that the classical cognitive science approach can be applied with little modification to a unit of analysis that is larger than a person.” “… we should map the conceptualization of the cognitive system onto a new unit of analysis: the cockpit as a whole.” “The cockpit system remembers its speeds, and the memory process emerges from the activity of the pilots.”

  42. How a cockpit remembers its speeds: speed bugs “Speed bugs are part of what Luria called a functional system … [s]peed bugs do not help pilots remember speeds; rather, they are part of the process by which the cockpit system remembers speeds.”

  43. different tactics Brooks Hutchins I Ihr seid alles Idioten I Unser Können ist gefragt II Repräsentationalismus ist Humbug II Repräsentationalismus ist vielfältig anwendbar III völlig falsche Richtung III es winkt viel Geld IV folgt besser mir IV kommt doch mit

  44. Gegenüberstellung cogsci  SoWi individuelle Kognition soziokulturelle Zusammenhänge Fragestellung kognitives System (Mensch, Machine) soziokulturelles System Analyseebene computational approach ethnographic approach Methoden

  45. Hutchins Danaergeschenk “The physical symbol system hypothesis is not a model of individual cognition. It is a model of the operation of a socio-cultural system from which the human actor has been removed.” „cognition is a fundamentally cultural process“  Metaphern

  46. Joining Forces with Embodiment Having failed to notice that the central metaphor of the [PSSH] captured the properties of a socio-cultural system rather than those of an individual mind, AI and information-processing psychology proposed some radical conceptual surgery for the modeled human. The brain was removed and replaced with a computer. The surgery was a success. However, there was an apparently unintended side effect: the hands, the eyes, the ears, the nose the mouth and the emotions all fell away when the brain was replaced with a computer.” Hutchins (1995) p 363

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