Chater 8 and 9 Energy in Living Organisms

1. Chater 8 and 9 Energy in Living Organisms CELL METABOLISM • Metabolism • The chemical processesoccurring within a living cell • Necessary for maintaining life • Uses • _____________________materials the cell needs enzymes Breaks down or builds

2. proteins Enzymes • Are ____________ • Required for every chemical reaction in an organism • Without, would not be able to maintain ___________ Don’t make the reaction happen that couldn’t happen on its own • Make the reaction occur much _____ • homeostasis faster

3. catalysts activation energy • Function of Enzymes • Serve as _________ • Work by lowering the _______________  energy required to get the reaction started

4. pH & temperature range • Characteristics of Enzymes • Work best in a narrow ______________________ • They are not changed or used up in the reaction; can be _______________ again • They are_______________; because of their_____ • _________- surface to which the enzyme binds • __________- where substrate binds and undergoes a chemical reaction used over & over substrate-specific • shape Substrate Active site

5. BREAKING DOWN MOLECULES

6. BUILDING MOLECULES

7. CELL ENERGY ability to do work Heterotrophs • Energy is the ____________________ • ____________: Organisms that obtain energy from consuming food • ____________: Organisms that use sunlight or chemicals to convert inorganic compounds into food for energy. • Example: Plants– use the process of_____________, to make their own food. This process occurs in the ____________ • The equation for photosynthesis:  Autotrophs photosynthesis chloroplasts CO2 + H2O + energy → C6 H12 O6 + O2

8. chemical bonds Chemical Energy • Stored in ______________ • Potential energy • When bonds are broken; converted to _____________ in the form of ____ • Food molecules cannot be useddirectly • The amount of energy released would be ________and __________ useableenergy ATP ATP • destructive wasteful

9. Nucleotide ATP- Adenosine Triphosphate • ____________composed of: • Nitrogen base - ________ • 5-carbon sugar- ________ • __phosphate groups adenine ribose 3 ATP

10. phosphate – phosphate rechargeablebattery breaking • Energy is stored in ________________________bonds. • ATP works like a _____________________. • Cells are able to use and recycle ATP by ____________ ________________a phosphate group off or adding • Energy is _________ when the phosphate bond is broken • ATP is converted to _____________ ____________ • ADP is like an “____________” battery • Energy is _______ when phosphate • bond is added to ADP making ATP • ATP is “__________” like a fully • charged rechargeable battery released ADP- adenosine • diphosphate uncharged stored recharged

11. Like a Rechargeable Battery

12. ATP – ADP CYCLE Phosphate bonds

14. Cellular Respiration • Aerobic energy production • Breakdown of glucose in presence of oxygen • Produces ATP • Occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotic cells • Equation for cellular respiration • C6 H12 O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + energy (ATP)

15. CELLULAR RESPIRATION 2 2 2 34

16. 3 STEPS TO CELLULAR RESPIRATION • Glycolysis • Occurs in cytoplasm • Uses 1 glucose molecule and O2 • Produces 2 Pyruvic acids, 2 ATP’sand high energy e- • Krebs Cycle • Occurs in outer membrane of mitochondria • Produces CO2 as waste, 2 ATP’sand high energy e- • Electron Transport Chain • Occurs in the inner membrane of mitochondria • Uses O2 and high energy electronsfrom first 2 steps • Produces H2Oand 32 ATP’s

17. GLYCOLYSIS

18. KREBS CYCLE

19. ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN

21. 1 GLUCOSE

22. TOTAL ATP GAIN IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION 36 ATPper MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

23. Fermentation • Anaerobic Energy Production • Occurs if oxygen is not available • Glycolysis still takes place • 2 ATP’s are made for 1 glucose • 2 types: • Lactic acid fermentation • Alcoholic fermentation

24. Lactic Acid Fermentation: Produces Lactic acid • Human Muscle Cells • Occurs when muscles run out of oxygen • Muscle switches to fermentation • Lactic acid builds up; causes pain, soreness & fatigue • Will switch back to Cellular Respiration when oxygen is re-supplied • Lactic acid is sent to liver to be broken down • Bacteria • some bacteria • during anaerobic conditions • Utilized by dairy industry to produce yogurt & cheese

25. Alcoholic Fermentation: Produces alcohol and CO2 • Occurs in Yeast during anaerobic conditions • Important in brewing & baking industries

26. TOTAL ATP GAIN IN FERMENTATION 2 ATP per MOLECULE OF GLUCOSE

27. PHOTOSYNTHESIS Process in which energy of sunlight is used to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy carbohydrates (sugar and starches) and oxygen, a waste product Factors affecting photosynthesis • Temperature • photosynthesis depends on enzymes that function best between 0o and 35o C • Availability of water • Shortage of water can slow or even stop photosynthesis • Amount of Light • Increasing light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis

28. Light and Pigments • In addition to water and carbon dioxide, photosynthesis requires light and chlorophyll, a molecule found in chloroplasts. • Pigment: light absorbing molecule • Principal pigment is chlorophyll • 2 main types • chlorophyll a • chlorophyll b • Energy absorbed by chlorophyll is transferred directly to electrons in the chlorophyll • Makes photosynthesis possible • These high-energy electrons are used to help build carbohydrates.

30. COMPARING PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND CELLULAR RESPIRATION Photosynthesis • Occurs in the chloroplast • Uses sunlight to convert H2O and CO2 into high energy sugars and O2 • uses water and light • splits water and releases O2 • produces O2 and glucose Cellular Respiration • Occurs mostly in mitochondria • Uses O2 and glucose to produce H2O, CO2and ATP • uses oxygen and glucose • produces carbon dioxide, water and energy (36 ATP)