Recovery and Rebirth: The Age of the Renaissance

1. Chapter 12 Recovery and Rebirth:The Age of the Renaissance

2. Michelangelo’s Creation of Adam on the Sistine Chapel ceiling p332

3. Meaning and Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance • Renaissance = Rebirth • The work and legacy of Jacob Burkhardt • The Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy (1860) • Major Features • Urban society • Age of recovery • Rebirth of Greco-Roman culture • Emphasis on individual ability

4. The Making of Renaissance Society • Economic Recovery • Expansion of trade • Italian cities lose economic supremacy • Hanseatic League • Industries old and new • Textiles, printing, mining, and metallurgy • Banking and the Medici • Florence

5. Lubeck and the Hanseatic League p335

6. Social Changes in the Renaissance • The Nobility (2 – 3 percent of population) • Ideals: Baldassare Castiglione (1478 – 1529) • The Book of the Courtier (1528) • Peasants and Townspeople (85 – 90 percent of population) • Decline of manorialism and serfdom • Urban hierarchy • Patricians, petty burghers, shopkeepers, artisans, guildmasters, guildsmen, workers, and unemployed • Slavery in the Renaissance

7. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy • Marriage • Arranged, to strengthen business or family ties • The importance of the dowry • Father-husband: head of family • Wife managed household • Children • The dangers of childbirth and childhood • Sexual Norms • Disparity in ages of spouses • Extramarital sexual relationships

8. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy p338

9. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy p338

10. Family and Marriage in Renaissance Italy p338

11. TheItalian States in the Renaissance • The Five Major States • The north: the duchy of Milan and the republic of Venice • The republic of Florence • The Medici • The Papal States • The Kingdom of Naples • Independent City-States • Urbino • The Role of Women • Isabella d’Este (1474 – 1539)

12. MAP 12.1 Renaissance Italy Map 12.1 p340

13. Piero della Francesca, Duke and Duchess of Urbino p341

14. The Italian States in the Renaissance • Warfare in Italy • Fragmentation and the balance of power • France and Spain fight over the peninsula • The Birth of Modern Diplomacy • Resident agents or ambassadors • Niccolo Machiavelli (1469 – 1527) and the New Statecraft • The Prince • Goals: acquisition, maintenance, and expansion of political power

15. CHRONOLOGY The Italian States in the Renaissance p343

16. Niccolo Machiavelli p343

17. The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy • Italian Renaissance Humanism • The emergence of humanism • The studia humanitatis, based on Greco-Roman literature • The importance of Petrarch (1304 – 1374) • Humanism in Fifteenth-Century Italy • Civic Humanism – Florence • Cicero as model • Leonardo Bruni (1370 – 1444) • Growing interest in Greek civilization • Humanist consciousness • Lorenzo Valla (1407 – 1457)

18. The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy • Italian Renaissance Humanism • Humanism and Philosophy • Marsilio Ficino (1433 – 1499) • Translation of Plato’s dialogues • Synthesis of Christianity and Platonism • Renaissance Hermeticism • Ficino’s Corpus Hermeticum • A new view of humankind: divine creative power • Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463 – 1494) • Oration on the Dignity of Man

19. The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy • Education in the Renaissance • The subjects and goals liberal studies • History, moral philosophy, eloquence (rhetoric), letters (grammar and logic), poetry, mathematics, astronomy, and music • Was there a Renaissance for women? • Isotta Nogarola and Laura Cereta • Humanism and History • Francesco Guicciardini • The Impact of Printing • Johannes Gutenberg • Movable type and Gutenberg’s Bible (1455 or 1456)

20. The Artistic Renaissance • Art in the Early Renaissance • Masaccio (1401 – 1428) • A new realism • Perspective and organization • Movement and anatomical structure • Invention at the Medici court: Sandra Botticelli (1445 – 1510) • Donato di Donatello (1386 – 1466) • David • Filippo Brunelleschi (1377 – 1446) • Church of San Lorenzo • Assertion of human individuality: portraits

21. Masaccio, Tribute Money p351

22. Botticelli, Primavera p351

23. Donatello, David p352

24. Filippo Brunelleschi, Dome of the Duomo p352

25. Brunelleschi, Interior of San Lorenzo p353

26. The Artistic Renaissance • The Artistic High Renaissance • Leonardo da Vinci (1452 – 1519) • Last Supper • Raphael (1483 – 1520) • School of Athens • Michelangelo (1475 – 1564) • The Sistine Chapel • David • Donato Bramante (1444 – 1514) • The Artist and Social Status • The economic rewards of artistic genius

27. Leonardo da Vinci, The Last Supper p353

28. Raphael, School of Athens p354

29. Michelangelo, David p355

30. The Artistic Renaissance • The Northern Artistic Renaissance • Jan van Eyck (c. 1390 – 1441) • Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride • Albrecht Dürer (1471 – 1528) • Adoration of the Magi • Music in the Renaissance • Guillaume Dufay (c. 1400 – 1474) • The madrigal

31. Van Eyck, Giovanni Arnolfmi and His Bride p357

32. The European State in the Renaissance • The Growth of the French Monarchy • Louis XI, the Spider (1461 – 1483) • Territorial expansion and royal control • England: Civil War and a New Monarchy • The Wars of the Roses • The administrative and financial reforms of Henry VII (1485 – 1509)

33. Durer, Adoration of the Magi p357

34. MAP 12.2 Europe in the Second Half of the Fifteenth Century Map 12.2 p358

35. The European State in the Renaissance • The Unification of Spain • Isabella of Castile (1474 – 1504) and Ferdinand of Aragón (1479 – 1516) • Establishment of professional royal army • Religious uniformity • The Inquisition • Conquest of Granada • Expulsion of the Jews • The Holy Roman Empire: the Success of the Habsburgs • Dynastic marriage and territorial growth • Maximilian I (1493 – 1519)

36. MAP 12.3 The Iberian Peninsula Map 12.3 p359

37. The European State in the Renaissance • The Struggle for Strong Monarchy in Eastern Europe • Poland: conflict between nobility and the crown • Hungary • Matthias Corvinus (1458 – 1490): short-term centralization • Russia • Ivan III (1462 – 1505): overthrow of the Mongols • The Ottoman Turks and the End of the Byzantine Empire • The spread of the Seljuk Turks • Fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453)

38. CHRONOLOGY Europe in the Renaissance p361

39. The Church in the Renaissance • The Problem of Heresy and Reform • John Wyclif (c. 1328 – 1384) and Lollardy • The push for a vernacular Bible • Attack on practices not mentioned in Scripture • John Hus (1374 – 1415) and the Hussites • Criticism of worldliness and corruption of the clergy • Burned at the stake (1415) • Reform of the Church • Church councils • Sacrosancta and Frequens

40. MAP 12.4 The Ottoman Empire and Southeastern Europe Map 12.4 p362

41. The Church in the Renaissance • The Renaissance Papacy • Julius II (1503 – 1513), “warrior-pope” • Nepotism • Sixtus IV (1471 – 1484) and his nephews • Alexander VI (1492 – 1503) and the Borgias • Patrons of culture • Leo X (1513 – 1521)

42. A Renaissance Pope: Leo X p363

43. CHRONOLOGY The Church in the Renaissance p364

44. Chapter Timeline p365

45. Discussion Questions • What social and intellectual changes did the Renaissance bring about? • How did Machiavelli deal with the issue of political power? • How did the printing press change European society? • What technical achievements did Renaissance artists make? Why were they significant? • What was the significance of the Wars of the Roses in England? • How did the popes handle the growing problems that were emerging in the Church in the fifteenth and early sixteenth Century?