8 TH GRADE REVIEW GUIDE

1. 8TH GRADE REVIEW GUIDE JUNE 13-15 2011

2. UNDERGROUND RAILROAD Network of people who secretly helped slaves reach freedom in the North “Conductors” lead slaves to “stations”

3. ABOLITIONISTS John Brown – antislavery settler from CT who led a group on a raid of Pottawatomie Creek, KA killing 5 men. This event set off widespread fighting in Kansas William Lloyd Garrison – Quaker who opposed the use of violence to end slavery; favored full political rights from African Americans; launched the Liberator Harriett Beecher Stowe – author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin which shocked many with the reality of slavery; made slavery as a moral, human problem facing every American Harriett Tubman – former slave who became a “conductor” on the Underground Railroad, escorting more than 300 people to freedom

4. AMERICAN CIVIL WAR • Advantages • North – More manufacturing; larger population; more railroads • South - fighting on their own territory; experienced military officers; knew how to ride horses & shoot guns; had a reason to fight

5. UNION Northern states – Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, California, Oregon Border States – Delaware, Maryland, West Virginia, Kentucky, Missouri Abraham Lincoln – President Anaconda Plan 1.) Blockade Southern ports 2.) Control the Mississippi River 3.) Capture Richmond, VA

6. CONFEDERACY Southern States – South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia Jefferson Davis – President Stay home and fight a defensive war

7. RECONSTRUCTION ERA Black codes – new laws used by southern states to control African Americans (restricted voting rights, ability to serve on juries, etc.) Compromise of 1867/Reconstruction Act – removed the gov’ts of all southern states refusing to ratify the 14th Amendment, imposed military rule on these states(divided them into 5 military districts.) To regain control, states had to rewrite constitution, ratify 14th and allow African Americans to vote Ku Klux Klan – secret society known for wearing white hooded robes

8. 13th Amendment – abolished slavery 14th Amendment – all people born in the United States are citizens and entitled to all the right’s of citizens 15th Amendment – barred states from denying citizens the right to vote based on their color

9. Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court case that stated the law could require “separate” public facilities, so long as they were “equal” Made segregation legal

10. THE WEST TRANSFORMED Transcontinental Railroad – railroad that extended from the East Coast to the West Coast. Built by the Union Pacific and the Central Pacific Railroad Companies. Met at Promontory Point, Utah. Reservations – land set aside for Native Americans to live on Dawes Act – Legislation encouraging Native Americans to settle in one area and become farmers. Failed miserably

11. Homestead Act – offered a 160-acre plot of land to anyone who agreed to farm it for 5 years. Used to encourage westward expansion and to give the poor a chance to own land. Manifest Destiny – idea that the United States should stretch from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean and it was the responsibility of Americans to make that happen.

12. INDUSTRY & URBAN GROWTH Mass Production – manufacturing of large numbers of identical goods quickly and cheaply Assembly line – manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a conveyor belt. Used in large scale manufacturing by Henry Ford. Big Business – the formation of larger companies Corporation – business owned by investors; stock is sold to raise capital Andrew Carnegie – Steel Baron; vertical integration John D. Rockefeller – Oil Baron; Standard Oil Company

13. Social Darwinsim – idea of “survival of the fittest” in human affairs; only the strong survive Stock – shares of ownership in a corporation Monopoly – company that controls all or nearly all business in a certain industry Trusts – group of corporations run by a single board of directors; trusts usually have a monopoly in an industry Capitalism- economic system of the U.S.; characterized by free enterprise Unions – organizations formed by workers who negotiate for the betterment of the whole group

14. Urbanization – movement of large numbers of people from rural areas to cities; rapid growth of city populations; primarily caused by industrialization Settlement house – center offering help to the urban poor Jane Addams – reformer who opened Hull House (settlement house) in Chicago. Tenements – buildings divided into many tiny apartments; usually located in the city centers; housing for urban poor Department Stores – store that offered all types of goods in one location

15. IMMIGRATION Push Factors – reasons why people wanted to leave their homeland (religious/political persecution, famine, war, lack of land) Pull Factors - reasons why people chose to come to the U.S. (jobs, freedom, more opportunities, land) Ethnic neighborhoods – ghettos; places where people of similar ethnicity settle in order to maintain their culture (Chinatown/Little Italy) Assimilation – process of becoming part of another culture Nativism – idea that the United Stated should be preserved for white, American-born, Protestants; opposing immigration

16. Anarchist – person who opposed all forms of gov’t; feared by American public in the 1920s; targets of the Red Scare Quote Act – Law that set limits on the number of immigrants allowed to come to the U.S. from other nations; limited immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe Compulsory Education – Laws that made it mandatory for children to attend school

17. POLITICAL REFORM AND THE PROGRESSIVE ERA Progressive Movement – time period focused on controlling big business and eliminating gov’t corruption Spoils System – practice of giving gov’t jobs to political supporters who may not be qualified for the position Civil Service – system that includes most gov’t jobs, except for elected positions, the judiciary and the military Muckrakers – journalists who exposed gov’t corruption and crusaded against big business Theodore Roosevelt – Progressive President who broke up trusts (trustbuster), began conservation efforts and reformed the gov’t Suffrage – the right to vote Prohibition – time period characterized by the ban on the manufacturing, sale and transport of alcohol (18th Amendment) Conservationism – the protection of natural resources.

18. THE UNITED STATES LOOKS OVERSEAS Isolationism – policy of having nothing to do with foreign nations Imperialism – policy of stronger nations looking to control the political and economic affairs of weaker countries or regions Spheres of Influence –areas in China where another nation has economic and political control Open Door Policy - policy suggested to China by Sec. of State Hay; urged them to open their nation to equal trade with the world

19. SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR • Causes • Yellow Journalism/Sympathy for the Cubans • deLome Letter – called President McKinley weak • USS Maine – we blamed the Spanish for the explosion • Effects • Acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, Wake Islands and the Phillippines • Gave the U.S. an overseas empire

20. US INVOLVEMENT IN LATIN AMERICA Monroe Doctrine – policy that the U.S would not allow European nations to create American colonies or interfere with the free nations of Latin America Roosevelt Corollary – policy that the U.S. has the right to “exercise…an international police power” to restore order in neighboring nations Big Stick Policy – idea that if diplomacy fails, the U.S. would hesitate to use military force to protect its interests Panama Canal “Big Ditch” – waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean

21. WORLD WAR I M- Militarism (building up a military in preparation for war) A – Alliances (nations that pledge their support to one another) I – Imperialism (building up an empire of colonial acqusitions) N – Nationalism (extreme pride in or devotion to one’s country)

22. REASONS WHY THE U.S. ENTERED THE WAR Unrestricted submarine warfare – Germany was torpedoing our ships without warning (Lusitania) Zimmerman Note – Germany tried to persuade Mexico to attack the U.S. if the U.S. became involved in the war Russian Revolution – When Russia left the war, the Allied Powers were doomed…the U.S. needed to become involved to save our allies

23. WILSON’S FOURTEEN POINTS Plan to prevent future wars Eliminate secret agreements Freedom of the seas Free trade Reduction of military forces Self determination – nations should be able to decide the type of gov’t they want in their country League of Nations – international peacekeeping organization

24. TREATY OF VERSAILLES • Peace treaty that ended WWI • Severely punished Germany • Lost colonial claims • Reduced military • Lost territory • Had to pay reparations • Had to assume total responsibility for causing the war The U.S. never ratified the Treaty of Versailles and therefore did not participate in the League of Nations

25. THE ROARING 20S • Harlem Renaissance - period characterized by the growing popularity of African American culture • Langston Hughes/Zora Neale Hurston • Jazz Music (Louis Armstrong/Bessie Smith/Benny Goodman) • Red Scare – period characterized by an extreme fear of foreigners; especially communists and anarchists • Great Migration – period when large numbers of African Americans moved from the South into northern cities

26. THE GREAT DEPRESSION • Causes • Overproduction/Underconsumption – Manufacturers and farmers were producing more goods than what they were able to sell; this lead to drastic inflation • Weaknesses in the Banking System – Banks gave out loans that were not paid back and lost money; they could not pay depositors balances • Stock Market Crash – Oct.29,1929 Black Tuesday

27. FRANKLIN DELANO ROOSEVELT • New Deal – FDR’s plan for economic recovery • Arguments Against the New Deal • Gave the federal gov’t too much power • Gov’t programs threaten individual freedoms and the free enterprise system • Too much interference with the economy • Increased the national debt • Failed to end the Great Depression

28. Arguments for the New Deal • Programs eased many problems • Employed millions • Ended the banking crisis • Reformed the stock market • Saved families from losing homes • Improved working conditions • Built public works projects • Preserved national parks • Brought electricity to rural areas • Created artistic works • Restored American’s faith in gov’t

29. Goals for the New Deal • Relief for the unemployed • Recovery for the economy • Reform of the gov’t to prevent future depression • Dust Bowl – Area in the Great Plains that suffered a major drought in the 1920s. Lack of vegetation coupled with high winds caused huge dust storms throughout the region, forcing many famers in Oklahoma to leave their land

30. WORLD WAR II ERA 1935-1945 • Causes? • Rise of dictators (Hitler/Germany, Mussolini/Italy, Hirohito/Japan) • Military aggression (Italy invades Africa, Germany invades Eastern Europe, Japan invades China) • Totalitarian state- a nation in which a single party controls the gov’t and every aspect of people’s lives • Fascism- political system based on militarism, extreme nationalism, and blind loyalty to the state and its leader • Nazism- form of fascism that uses racism as its core belief

31. Neutrality- US policy at the beginning of WWII; enforced by Neutrality Acts • 12/7/1941?????? – Japanese attack on naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii • Rosie the Riveter- symbol for the US working woman during WWII; “We can do it” – take over for the men • Holocaust- mass slaughter of 12 mllion people at the hands of the Nazis during WWII • Nuremburg war crimes trial- Where Nazi leaders were put on trial for wartime acts of cruelty and brutality that are judged to be beyond the accepted rules of war and human behavior • United Nations- organization’s goal was to maintain peace and settle international disputes

32. THE COLD WAR 1945-1990 • Senator Joseph McCarthy- US Senator who accused Americans of being communists without any proof; sparked the 2nd Red Scare in the 1950s • Communism- type of gov’t in which everything is owned and controlled by the gov’t • Cuban Missile Crisis- caused by Soviet missile bases being built in Cuba; Closest the US ever comes to nuclear war • NATO- North Atlantic Treaty Organization; formed by non-communist nations • Warsaw Pact- formed in response to NATO by communist nations • The Marshall Plan- plan to offer economic and military aid to nations threatened by communism • Berlin Airlift- US & Brit had to fly supplies into West Berlin after Stalin ordered a blockade on the city; Stalin eventually backed down

33. CONTAINMENT Policy of limiting the expansion or influence of a hostile power; America’s method to limit Soviet expansion during the Cold War Korean War 1950-1953 – Started by the invasion of South Korea by North Korea; U.S. became involved in order to stop the spread of communism Vietnam War 1954-1976 – Started by the invasion of South Vietnam by North Vietnam; U.S. became involved in order to stop the spread of communism

34. THE CIVIL RIGHTS ERA Martin Luther King, Jr. – civil rights leader who believed in civil disobedience; gave the famous “I Have a Dream” speech on the stairs of the Lincoln Memorial Rosa Parks – civil rights leader who was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus to white passengers JFK – President who sent the strongest civil rights bill in the nation’s history to Congress LBJ – President who signed the Civil Rights Act into law banning discrimination in employment, providing for faster school desegregation and further protecting voting rights; also signed the Voting Rights Act into law, which banned literacy tests and other barriers.

35. Civil Disobedience – idea based on nonviolence; that people have the right to disobey a law they consider unjust if it is done in a peaceful manner Boycott – organized campaign to refuse to buy or use certain goods and/or services Jim Crow Laws – Southern laws that enforced separation of races in schools, hospitals, on public transportation, and in theaters and restaurants; enforced by Plessy v. Ferguson Segregation – enforced separation of races Brown v Board of Education of Topeka – Supreme Court case that reversed Plessy v. Ferguson and made segregation illegal

36. NEW DIRECTIONS FOR A NATION • Watergate – Event in which five men were arrested for breaking into the Democratic Party Offices in the Watergate Hotel; men were hired by Nixon’s reelection committee to “spy” on the Democrats and then paid them to not report their affiliation; the scandal forced President Nixon to resign from office • Persian Gulf War (1991) – 6-week war against Iraqi leader, Saddam Hussein’s invasion of neighboring nation, Kuwait; Iraqi troops were removed from Kuwait but Hussein remained in power

37. CHALLENGES FOR A NEW CENTURY • 9/11/2001- Arab terrorists seized 4 passenger jets taking off from Boston; two of these planes were flown into the World Trade Center towers in NYC, one was flown into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and the last crashed into a rural area of PA after the passengers rushed the terrorists; Al Qaeda claimed responsibility • Osama Bin Laden- a wealthy Saudi Arabian who ran a worldwide terrorist network called Al Qaeda; this group claimed responsibility for the 9/11 attacks • Patriot Act- granted authorities power to investigate and jail people suspected of having terrorist ties; suspects could be help indefinitely without charges being filed and without being allowed to consult a lawyer; law allowed authorities to examine library records

38. Globalization- process of creating an international network of trade, communication, and culture • Trade deficit- occurs when a country buys more from other nations than it sells to them; an excess of imports over exports • Outsourcing – having work done in other countries; sending out work to an outside provider in order to cut costs • NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement; treaty that removed trade barriers among the U.S., Canada, and Mexico • Global Warming- slow but steady worldwide rise in temperatures • E-commerce- business and trade over the internet