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Chapter 26

Chapter 26. The Ottoman Empire. Causes of Decline. Weak rulers and subsequent power struggles Economic deterioration Turkish artisans can’t compete with influx of western industrial goods Jewish/Christian merchants increase ties to West Military decline

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Chapter 26

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  1. Chapter 26

  2. The Ottoman Empire

  3. Causes of Decline • Weak rulers and subsequent power struggles • Economic deterioration • Turkish artisans can’t compete with influx of western industrial goods • Jewish/Christian merchants increase ties to West • Military decline • Janissaries unwilling to keep up with Western weaponry • Unable to retain control of portions of empire

  4. Selim III (1789 – 1807) • Increases literacy with first printing press in the Muslim World • Builds a new army/navy • Restructures bureaucracy • Improves administration • Angered powerful people

  5. Mahmud II (1826 – 1838) • Builds western-style army and overthrows Janissaries • Forces nobles to submit to his authority • Exchanges ambassadors and advisors with the West

  6. The Tanzimat reforms (1839 -1876) • Western-style university education • Infrastructure • Postal service, telegraphs, railways • New constitution • Influenced by the West • Open unrestricted trade with west • Discuss changes to: • Polygamy, harem, veiling

  7. Arab Heartland • Most Arabs were ok with the Ottomans even though they were Turks because they were Muslim • Ottomans grew unable to protect the heartland of the Empire

  8. Egypt • Napoleon takes Egypt in 1798 • Beat British to the territory • Mamluk Regime • Vassals of the Ottoman Empire • West not good so we don’t need to worry about them • WRONG: major defeat • French eventually leave and the British get the area • Muhammad Ali This Guy NOT This Guy

  9. Muhammad Ali • Wanted to build an up-to-date European Army • Khedives: line of rulers after Ali • Same old thing • Cotton and only Cotton • Wanted to build the Suez Canal (1869) • Vital commercial and military link between European Colony • Controlling it is very important

  10. Suez Canal

  11. Sudan • Muhammad Achmad • United the diverse people of the Sudan • Believed to be the promised deliverer • Wanted to Purge Islam and return it to its original purity • Good successors • KhlifaAbdallahi • Created a very strict muslim state • 1896 Bristih took them down

  12. Alas the Ottoman Empire falls in 1908

  13. The Qing Dynasty

  14. The Manchus • North of the Great Wall • Over threw the Ming Dynasty • Kept a majority if the Chinese Traditions • Exam system and Bureaucrats • Sons of Heaven • Confucian obedience/loyalty • Female infanticide • Upper class good lower class not good • Were able to prevent foreign influence • Foreign merchants were only allowed in certain cities

  15. DECLINE • Internal corruption/bloated bureaucracy • Embezzlement of state funds • Cheating on exam • Problems are too severe to allow for usual dynastic cycle • Population too big • Existing system too corrupt • Insufficient technology

  16. Opium War (1839) • European imbalance of trade with China despite equal sophistication • Introduce opium - addictive narcotic • With 40 years, 12 million Chinese are addicted • Chinese demand that British government stop the opium trade…war breaks out • British technology overwhelms Chinese

  17. Treaty of Nanjing signed in 1842 • Gives England the island of Hong Kong • Returned to the Chinese July 1st, 1997 • Allows Christian missionaries into China • Grants “extraterritorial rights”

  18. Taiping Rebellion (1850-1860) • Led by Hong Xiuquan (Shee-oo-choo-ahn) • “mentally unstable” Christian covert • Raises an army of 1 million men and women to overthrow Qing government • Takes 10 years for Qing government to regain control • 20-25 million total casualties • from warfare and starvation

  19. Boxer Rebellion • Poor peasants and workers resented foreigners and missionaries • Establish the Society of Fists of Righteous Harmony • Boxers • Attack the European sections of Beijing • A multi-national army • Defeat the boxers in about 2 minutes • Defeat actually creates a higher sense of nationalism • Social unrest and rebellion continues until 1950s

  20. 1 Dynastic Cycle 10 2 9 3 8 4 7 5 6

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