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Culture and emotion

Culture and emotion. Hofstede’s approach. Power distance Uncertainty avoidance Individualism-collectivism Masculinity-femininity Bond: Based on Chinese data, added Confucian work dynamism (or Long-term orientation). What about levels in different countries ? (www.geert-hofstede.com).

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Culture and emotion

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  1. Culture and emotion

  2. Hofstede’s approach • Power distance • Uncertainty avoidance • Individualism-collectivism • Masculinity-femininity • Bond: Based on Chinese data, added Confucian work dynamism (or Long-term orientation)

  3. What about levels in different countries? (www.geert-hofstede.com)

  4. Schwartz world value survey • At individual level (10 values): • Openness to change vs. tradition • Self-enhancements vs. self-transcendence • http://changingminds.org/explanations/values/schwartz_inventory.htm • At nation level (7 values): • Autonomy-embeddedness • Hierarchy-egalitarianism • Mastery-harmony • http://www.imo-international.de/englisch/html/siebenwerte_en.html

  5. Other approaches • Smith et al. • Loyalty to organization vs. utilitarianism • Conservation vs. egalitarianism • Inglehart • Self-expression vs. survival • Rational-legal vs. traditional authority • Tight vs. Loose cultures (Gelfand et al., 2011) • How does this concept relate to the others? • Is this a country-level variable? • Why are certain countries high or low? • What other effects might this have?

  6. Culture vs. evolution • Are the approaches contradictory or complementary? • What are some limitations of this area of research?

  7. Cultural differences in • Self-concept • Self-consistency (self-monitoring) • What does it mean to be multi-cultural? • Self-enhancement • Approach/avoidance • Agency and control • Desire to fit in • Honor culture • Relationships • In vs out group • Friendship differences

  8. Culture and cognition • Cognition (Nisbett, Peng, Choi, & Norenzayan, 2001) • Analytic vs. holistic thinking • Attention to background • Categorization • Reasoning styles • Attribution

  9. Moderators of cognitive differences • Situational salience • Diagnosticity of behavior

  10. Multilevel analyses (Miyamoto, 2013) • Distal situational factors • Ancient Greek vs. Chinese cultures • History • Settlement/frontiers • Religion • Social class

  11. Proximal leve l situational factors • Analytic vs. holistic: • Parenting practices • Nonverbal communication • Cultural products • Independent vs. interdependent • Textbooks • Magazine ads • Social interactions

  12. Individual level factors • Priming of culture • Individual differences • Why isn’t there much difference at the individual level?

  13. Distal/proximal interactions • Power’s effects on cognition • Differences in power by culture and effects on cognition • Personal vs. social power • What are the longitudinal effects of these proximal factors?

  14. Culture and emotion • Emotion • Basic emotions • Display rules • Intensity of emotions • Happiness • In-group advantage in “emotional dialect”

  15. Emotions • Where do emotions come from and what is their purpose? • Appraisal theory • Relevance, congruence, responsibility, control, power • Interpret important event or object, give it meaning, get emotion • Critiques of appraisal theory • Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion • Misattribution of arousal • Mood congruence

  16. Affect infusion model (Forgas) • Low infusion: direct access and motivated processing • High infusion: heuristic and substantive • Similarities to other dual process: HSM and ELM • How are emotions social? • Contagion of emotion vs. norms (bottom up vs. top down) • Unconscious emotion (subliminal faces) • Moral judgments: trustworthiness and dominance

  17. Embodiment of emotion • Niedenthal et al., 2007 • What are examples of embodied emotions? • What are mirror neurons, and how do they relate to embodied emotion?

  18. Disgust (Chapman & Anderson, 2013) • What is disgust? • Why do we feel disgust (what purpose does it serve)? • What makes us feel disgust? • Do moral transgressions lead to feelings of disgust? • Theories: • Moral domain theory (Turiel) • Moral, societal, psychological • Five foundations theory (Haidt)

  19. Do we feel disgust at all moral transgressions, or just those related to purity violations? • What evidence do they provide? • Neuroimaging • Self-report measures • Implicit measures • Manipulations of disgust

  20. Individual differences • Disgust Scale (Haidt et al., 1994) • http://www.yourmorals.org/disgust.php • Three Domain Disgust Scale (Tybur et al., 2009) • http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.186.6114&rep=rep1&type=pdf • What causes IDs in disgust? • What are they correlated with? • People with OCD

  21. General disgust issues • How is moral disgust different from physical disgust? • How is it different from anger? • Why would we have moral disgust? • Which of their models seems best supported? • How are they similar and different?

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