Project Retrospectives

1. Linda Rising risingl@acm.org www.lindarising.org Mary Lynn Manns manns@unca.edu www.cs.unca.edu/~manns Project Retrospectives

2. What is a retrospective? A time to reflect on and improve our practices. We have to test our knowledge constantly—using practices like retrospectives. These should be done after each iterative cycle rather than waiting until the end of the project. The quality of learning derived from this practice shows an organization’s true commitment to learning, and therefore, a key to its adaptability.Jim Highsmith Retrospective rituals are more than a review of the past. They also provide a chance to look forward, to plot the next project, and to plan explicitly what will be approached differently next time.Norm Kerth

3. Project Retrospectives A retrospective is an opportunity for the participants to learn how to improve. The focus is on learning—not fault-finding. Norm Kerth

4. Why are retrospectives important? We don’t just want to complete a project; we want to learn about completing projects while completing projects.Dave Parnas Learning and development do not necessarily occur as a result of the experience itself but as a result of reflection explicitly designed to foster learning and development.B. Jacoby For many of the team members, this will be the first time they consciously think about the processes they use.Norm Kerth

5. Why a retrospective? To look at the past Project planning and control involves two kinds of skills: looking backward to understand the past and looking forward to predict the future. We want to believe that learning from experience is automatic, but it requires profound skills. Experience provides data, not knowledge.

6. Why a retrospective? To plan the future The most positive message we consistently get is that people want to improve themselves but usually they don’t know what to work on. When they get good feedback on specific goals, that releases the natural internal inclination to improve. James Fallows

7. Why a retrospective?To reach closure Research shows that when organizations go through changes, people have feelings and thoughts but no place to express them in the normal course of business. Thus, their experience is carried forward as a heaviness that slows them down and keeps them from moving into the new setting with enthusiasm. Barbara Waugh

8. Why a retrospective?To create a community … wisdom comes from our ability to understand the relationship between an individual’s work and that of the entire team. … I have seen whole-team reflection explain, discover, and teach so much. I believe that there is no better way to improve a team’s performance and quality. Norm Kerth

9. Retrospective Examples • Robins & titmice • The buffalo hunt • Softball • Post-Fire Critiques www.chiefmontagna.com/Articles/post%20fire%20critique.htm • Military: After Action Reviews, Navy Lessons Learned, Coast Guard Uniform Lessons Learned • Experience reports

10. What a retrospective isn’t Not a postmortem (sometimes it is!) Do at regular intervals Not a drudgery Techniques are fun (sometimes it isn’t fun) Not done in secret Can include different affinity groups Not a whine session Emphasis is on being constructive Not a witch hunt Participants speak from “I/we” point of view

11. Kerth’s Prime Directive Regardless of what we discover, we must understand and truly believe that everyone did the best job he or she could, given what was known at the time, his or her skills and abilities, the resources available, and the situation at hand.

12. Types of Retrospectives • End of project • Interim • Work chunk • Heartbeat • Custom – response to a “surprise”

13. What You Need • Team members • Location, location, location • Facilitator – external or internal (see “Facilitation Resources” slide) • Supplies, such as: • Flipcharts • Colored cards, pens • Tape or thumbtacks

14. What happensBefore • Request: • event data • effort data • artifacts • Talk with management • Survey key players

15. What happensDuring • Readying • Examples: Create Safety, I’m Too Busy • Look at the past • Examples: Artifacts Contest, Timeline • Prepare for the future • Examples: Making the Magic Happen, Change the Paper

16. What happensAfter • Retrospective reports • What worked well that we don’t want to forget? • What should we do differently? • What still puzzles us? • Patterns • Action plans

17. How is knowledge shared? • Web postings • Email • Posters • Team meetings, staff meetings, tech forums

18. How to “sell” retrospectivesin your organization The purpose of a retrospective is learning … • … to avoid recurring mistakes • … to identify and share successful practices • … to prepare for the next iteration and future projects Everyone says they want to learn, but so few take the time to do so.

19. Next Steps • Get Norm Kerth’s book • Read it! • Sign up for the retrospectives Yahoo group: retrospectives-subscribe@yahoogroups.com • Sell the retrospective idea in your organization: www.cs.unca.edu/~manns/intropatterns.html

20. Project Retrospectivesa final thoughtfrom Norm Kerth (and Edward Bear) … we bump our heads in project after project, day after day. If we would only take a moment to stop and think of alternative ways to proceed, I’m sure we could find better ways to do our work. Norm Kerth

21. Facilitation resources • International Association of Facilitators - certification program http://www.iaf-world.org/ • ASTD - American Society for Training and Development - local chapters http://www.astd.org/index_NS6.html • ISPI - International Society for Performance Improvement - certification, local chapters http://www.ispi.org/ • NASAGA - North American Simulation and Gaming Association http://www.nasaga.org/ • Workshops by Thiagi - Freebies http://thiagi.com/ • Roger Schwartz, The Skilled Facilitator • Sam Kaner et al, Facilitators Guide to Participatory Decision Making • Ingrid Bens, Facilitate with Ease!  Josey-Bass Inc., 2000. • R. Brian Stanfield, ed., The Art of Focused Conversation. ICA Canada, 1977. • R. Brian Stanfield, ed., The Workshop Book. ICA Canada, 2002. • Training and development Yahoo group http://groups.yahoo.com/group/trdev/