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UDC/DDC harmonization project

UDC/DDC harmonization project. Religion Ia McIlwaine Chair, UDC Consortium. Why Religion?. In 2000 UDC published totally new scheme Attempts universal approach No Christian predominance Historical reflection of development

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UDC/DDC harmonization project

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  1. UDC/DDC harmonization project Religion Ia McIlwaine Chair, UDC Consortium UDC/DDC

  2. Why Religion? In 2000 UDC published totally new scheme • Attempts universal approach • No Christian predominance • Historical reflection of development DDC pronounced Christian bias, accompanied by a range of options to overcome this Is looking for simplification and modernization UDC/DDC

  3. Nature of UDC • Main Table plus • Range of auxiliaries Common forms, Time, Place, Language, Race, Persons • Also Common Properties, Activities, Materials UDC/DDC

  4. Examples of recurring concepts -026.613 Colours -027.13 Under-developed -033.62 Porcelain -035.554 Feathers -048.37 Renewal -049.6 Security UDC/DDC

  5. Facet Indicators in UDC + / : all used to combine separate numbers = Language (0…) Common forms (1/9) Place (=…) Ethnic groupings & nationality “…” Time -0 Commonly recurring concepts – -02 Properties, -03 Materials, -04 Activities &c, -05 Persons UDC/DDC

  6. Facet indicators Also special auxiliaries for recurring concepts within a specific subject field – e.g. -1/-9 Literary forms in class 82 - Literature .0 e.g. .03 Styles in Class 7 –Fine Arts ‘ e.g. Alloys in Metallurgy, 669 669.35’5’6 – Copper-zinc-tin alloys (combining 3 separate numbers) UDC/DDC

  7. Other features of UDC The ability to join two (or more) numbers together to create a compound notation Use of alphabetical notation Many compound concepts do not appear in the schedules, except as “Examples of combination” UDC/DDC

  8. Examples of combination 005.92:004.63 Management of electronic records 504.4:551.515.3 Hurricane damage 601.2:576.31 Morphological behaviour UDC/DDC

  9. Special auxiliaries Tables, applicable only within a stated set of numbers (usually a discipline, or subdiscipline) not universally applicable (so reusing the same notation) Examples : styles in art literary forms UDC/DDC

  10. 2 Religion. Theology 21 Prehistoric and primitive religions 22 Religions originating in the Far East 23 Religions originating in Indian sub-continent 24 Buddhism 25 Religions of antiquity. Minor cults and religions 26 Judaism 27 Christianity. Christian churches and denominations 28 Islam 29 Modern spiritual movements UDC/DDC

  11. Special auxiliaries in Class 2 2-1 Theory and philosophy of religion. Nature of religion. Phenomenon of religion 2-2 Evidences of religion 2-3 Persons in religion 2-4 Religious activities. Religious practice 2-5 Worship broadly. Cult. Rites and ceremonies 2-6 Processes in religion 2-7 Religious organization and administration 2-8 Religions characterised by various properties 2-9 History of the faith, religion, denomination or church UDC/DDC

  12. Examples of application 26-454-242 Teaching in the Torah on divorce 26 Judaism -454 Divorce -242 Torah. The Law. The Pentateuch 27-528-274.6 Scriptural authority of Christian liturgy 27 Christianity -528 Liturgy -274.6 Authority of Scripture UDC/DDC

  13. Differential facets These are necessary for concepts peculiar to one faith only, normally by expanding a base number from the Auxiliary table, e.g. to provide a different sequence for books of the Bible in Judaism from that in Christianity UDC/DDC

  14. DDC’s solution Option A: Class the religion in 230–280, its sources in 220, comprehensive works on the religion in 230; in that case class the Bible and Christianity in 298 UDC/DDC

  15. DDC’s solution Option B: Class in 210, and add to base number 21 the numbers following the base number for the religion in 292–299, e.g., Hinduism 210, Mahabharata 219.23; in that case class philosophy and theory of religion in 200, its subdivisions 211–218 in 201–208, specific aspects of comparative religion in 200.1–200.9, standard subdivisions of religion in 200.01–200.09 UDC/DDC

  16. DDC’s solution Option C: Class in 291, and add to base number 291 the numbers following the base number for that religion in 292–299, e.g., Hinduism 291, Mahabharata 291.923 Option D: Class in 298, which is permanently unassigned UDC/DDC

  17. DDC’s solution Option E: Place first by use of a letter or other symbol, e.g., Hinduism 2H0 (preceding 220), or 29H (preceding 291 or 292); add to the base number thus derived, e.g., to 2H or to 29H, the numbers following the base number for the religion in 292–299, e.g., Shivaism 2H5.13 or 29H.513 UDC/DDC

  18. DDC’s solution Option A vacates the numbers devoted to Christianity for use by another religion. Options B and C provide preferred treatment (and shorter or equivalent numbers) for a specific religion. Both explicitly derive notation directly from the schedules for the preferred arrangement. UDC/DDC

  19. DDC’s solution Option D provides preferred treatment and shorter numbers for a specific religion by relocating it to 298, a permanently unassigned number. Option E provides preferred treatment (and shorter or equivalent numbers) for a specific religion. Option E also uses notation derived from the schedules, but introduces the use of mixed notation. UDC/DDC

  20. DDC’s solution Each of these options presents some problems and none gives the opportunity to provide an even-handed approach to the great religions of the world UDC/DDC

  21. DDC survey 56 responses from 13 countries 9 used one of the options None used D or E So, wholesale replacement of these options by one alternative arrangement under consideration perhaps using UDC as a model UDC/DDC

  22. Mapping at major religion level 23 Religions of the Indian 294 Indic religions Subcontinent Hindu religion in the broad sense 294.5 Hinduism 231 Vedism 294.509013 Vedic religion 232 Brahmanism 294.5 (in class here note) 233 Hinduism narrowly 294.5 Hinduism 234 Jainism 294.4 Jainism 235 Sikhism 294.6 Sikhism 24 Buddhism 294.3 Buddhism . . . . . . UDC/DDC

  23. Mapping at major religion level 26 Judaism 296 Judaism 27 Christianity 230 Christianity 28 Islam 297 Islam (UDC – blue; DDC -green) Both schemes place general topics of religion first - these have not been touched yet UDC/DDC

  24. Bible UDC provides different notations for Jewish and Christian Bible, so even same book, e.g. Psalms, Genesis, Exodus, will have different numbers DDC puts Bible ahead of both Christianity and Judaism – this to remain at present – other solutions may be explored later UDC/DDC

  25. Rearrangement of DDC Taoism (299.514) Confucianism (299.512) Hinduism (294.5) Jainism (294.4) Buddhism (294.3) Wicca (299.94) Yoruba (African people) – religion (299.68333) Voodoo (299.675) Ras Tafari (299.676) Bible (220) Judaism (296) Christianity (230) Islam (297) Scientology (299.936) UDC/DDC

  26. Note “New religions” or “minor religions” are collocated with their origin, where relevant, otherwise the root number is extended geographically, then chronologically, hence the placing of, e.g. Wicca, Ras Tafari UDC/DDC

  27. Buddhism as a case study UDC base number 24 + DDC notation DDC 294.333 Buddhist mythology = 243.3 Result • Moves to chronological position • Retains DDC number building & internal/auxilary tables • Meaningless notation in either system • Retains limited development UDC/DDC

  28. Buddhism Case Study 2: Detailed Mapping UDC/DDC

  29. Findings • Structural differences and inconsistencies in both systems • Differences in enumeration/synthesis • Differences in main religion auxiliary table • Differences in common auxiliaries UDC/DDC

  30. Islam UDC expansion developed using DDC’s concepts (but not order) No problem in creating notations, but order differs dramatically Differences in common auxiliaries also create a problem UDC/DDC

  31. Islam 28-43 SOCIAL CUSTOMS AND PRACTICE 28-44 SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR 28-441 Taharah. Mental and physical purification 28-442 Food and diet 28-442-027.568 Halal. Permitted food 28-442.2-027.583 Haram. Forbidden food 28-442-426.4 Fasting 28-442.5 Rules concerning specific foods and drinks 28-442.5:636.4 Pork 28-442.5:663.2/.5 Rules concerning alcoholic drinks UDC/DDC

  32. Fundamental problems that need to be addressed 28-442 Food & diet -027.568 Permitted -027.583 Forbidden (The -0 numbers are from Common auxiliary of Common Properties) :636.4 Pork (from class 63) :663.2/.5 Alcoholic drinks (from 66) Note 663.2 to 663.5 specify a range of alcoholic drinks, expressed by using the slash for consecutive numbers UDC/DDC

  33. Greater detail in UDC 28-426 Objects in worship. Furnishings and decorations 28-526.1 Furniture. Platforms Lecterns 28-526.1-032.2 Fountains 28-526.11 Dikka. Platform 28-526.13 Minbar. Pulpit 28-526.15 Kursi. Lectern 28-526.4 Tasbih. Subhah. Beads UDC/DDC

  34. Greater detail in UDC 28-565 Major fasts and festivals 28-565.5 Rajab (7th month of Islamic year) 28-565.51 Laylat al-Mi’raj (‘Night of the Ascent’ of Muhammed into heaven) (Rajab 27th) 28-565.6 Ramadan. Month of fasting (9th month of Islamic year) 28-565.62 Laylat al Qadr. ‘Night of Power’ (commemorating the sending down of the Koran to Muhammed) (Ramadan 27th) 28-565.7 Shawwal (10th month of Islamic year) 28-565.71 ‘Id al-Adha. Feast of the Breaking of the fast (Shawwal 1st) 28-565.8 Dhu-l-Hijja (12th month of Islamic year) 28-565.81 Annual pilgrimage ceremonies in and near Mecca (Dhu-l-Hijja 8th-13th) 28-565.83 ‘Id al-Adha. Feast of the Sacrifice. ‘Id al-Hajj. Feast of the Pilgrimage (Dhu-l-Hijja 10th) UDC/DDC

  35. Same concepts in DDC No detail for physical contents of mosques and festivals are handled thus: UDC/DDC

  36. 297.36 Special days and seasons Including Jum'ah (Friday prayer); `Ashura' (Tenth of Muharram); Mawlid al-Nabi (Prophet's birthday); `Id al-Adha, `Id al-Fitr Class here rites and ceremonies associated with special days and seasons, Islamic religious calendar See also 297.37 for sermons for special days and seasons 297.362 Sawm Ramadan (Annual fast of Ramamadan) Including Laylat al-Qadr Class comprehensive works on fasting in 297.53 UDC/DDC

  37. Conclusions to date • Basic overall arrangement can easily be implemented • This will create greater interoperability • Improve the structure of both schemes • UDC framework works at basic level for DDC • Level of detail more problematical, and needs to be resolved UDC/DDC

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