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20 th Century China: From Republic to Communist Power

20 th Century China: From Republic to Communist Power. By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Mr. Mark Gonzalez. Chinese Revolution of 1911. Discontent with Qing (Manchu) Dynasty Decline of Chinese power European-educated eliete wanted a modern nation state like Japan

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20 th Century China: From Republic to Communist Power

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  1. 20th Century China: From Republic to Communist Power By: Ms. Susan M. Pojer and Mr. Mark Gonzalez

  2. Chinese Revolution of 1911 • Discontent with Qing (Manchu) Dynasty • Decline of Chinese power • European-educated eliete wanted a modern nation state like Japan • Wanted to kick out Europeans • 1911-Qing emperor overthrown, Chinese nationalist Sun Yat-sen tried to est. a republican form of govt (Dr. Sun Yat-sen)

  3. Chinese Warlords, 1920s • China’s regional generals –the warlords still fought for control over China • Sun Yat-sen could not control them • Communist Party emerged in China-inspired by Lenin’s Russian revolution • Yat-sen died in 1925 Yuan Shi-kai

  4. China in 1924

  5. Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975) takes control in 1925 • Chinese Nationalist-Guomindang Party • Salt merchanton of • Tried to buy out and control the regional warlords • Est. a weak dictatorship (Chiang Kai-shek)

  6. Jiang Jieshi Becomes President of Nationalist China, 1928 • Goal: Built a nationalist army • Did not like the Guomindang’s early Communist alliance • Peasants were suffering under oppression from landlords and warlords • Did little to help the poor-more concerned with building a great army • Turned on the Communists-massacres in Shanghai (1927) (Chiang Kai-shek)

  7. Mao Zedong As a Young Revolutionary • Student of Chinese communist philosopher Li Dazhao at Beijing University • All of Chinese society=proletariet taken advantage of by a industrialized bourgeois west • Peasants (90% of the population) rather than urban workers-driving force of Communist Revolution—(Communist Vanguards) (Mao Tse-tung)

  8. Mao With His Children, 1930s • Shared Li’s hostility towards the west and the western-educated Chinese elite and merchants • Hated the Goumindang (Nationalists) • Inspired to spearhead the Long March (1934)-90,000 joined him to remote northwest to est. communes • Mao-new leader of the Communist party in China

  9. The Long March

  10. Survivors of the March

  11. Japan Invades China 1937

  12. Victims of the Japanese bombing of Shanghai.

  13. Japanese Soldiers March into NankingDecember 9, 1937

  14. The Japanese Invasion, 1937

  15. Remains of Chinese Children Bayonetedby Japanese Soldiers

  16. Beheadings Took Place in Public!

  17. Effects of the Japanese Invasion of China • Chiang had to ally with communists to fight the Japanese threat • Nationalists lost their power base along the coast-forced to relocate the base of power at Chongqing • Nationalist (Guodmindang) power declined due to their failure to protect China from the Japanese imperialism and atrocitties

  18. The Communist Revolution: 1946 - 1949

  19. The Peoples’ Liberation Army, 1949 • Mao drove out the Nationalist forces of Chiang Kai-Shek from China to Taiwan • Declared the founding of the People’s Republic of China under Communist rule • “Two Chinas”: Taiwan and mainland China

  20. The Communist Victory

  21. Taiwan: The Republic of China founded by Chiang Kai-shek

  22. Jiang Jieshu (1887-1975) (Chiang Kai-shek)

  23. The People’s Republic of China (Communist)

  24. Reasons for the Communists’ Success • Mao won support of peasants – land • Mao won support of women • Mao’s army used guerilla war tactics • Many saw the Nationalist government as corrupt • Many felt that the Nationalists allowed foreigners to dominate China.

  25. The Great Leap Forward (or Backward?) 1958-1961

  26. Great Leap Forward, 1958 • 5 year plan to increase agriculture and industry (Soviet-style) • Utopian-effort to equalize Chinese society • Communes (Land Reform)-redistributed property of the rich to the poor • Groups of people who live and work together • Property held in common • Had production quotas • Failed due to poor quality of products, poor weather hurt agriculture (fears of the loss of the mandate of heaven)

  27. Communist China Under Mao • Industrialized China • Increased literacy • Class privileges ended • Rural Chinese received health care • One-party dictatorship • Denied people basic rights and freedoms --> Inner Mongolia, Tibet

  28. Mao, Panchen Lama, Dalai Lama in Beijing, 1954 • Tibet --> an autonomous area. • Religious freedom ended in China • Dalai Lama fled in the late 1950s to India.

  29. The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution 1966 - 1976

  30. A Campaign Against the “FOUR OLDS” • Old Thoughts • Old Culture • Old Customs • Old Habits To Rebel Is Good!

  31. Communist China Under Mao • Designed to renew revolutionary spirit and establish a moreequitable society • Mao wanted to put “intellectuals” in their place • Schools shut down – students revolted • Red Guards – students who attacked professors, government officials, factory managers and destroyed universities

  32. A Red Guard

  33. Red Guards March to Canton

  34. With regard to the great teacher Chairman Mao, cherish the word 'Loyalty'. With regard to the great Mao Zedong Thought, vigorously stress the word 'Usefullness'. (1968) Cult of Personality

  35. The reddest, reddest, red sun in our heart, Chairman Mao, and us togetherZhejiang Workers, Farmers and Soldiers Art Academy collective, 1968 Mao’s Little Red Book

  36. Go among the workers, peasants and soldiers, and into the thick of struggle!1967-1972

  37. Propaganda Poster

  38. “Ping-Pong Diplomacy”: U. S. Players at Great Wall, 1971 • Goal: wanted more limited contact with other countries

  39. Mao Meets President Nixon, 1972

  40. Power Struggle Communist Traditionalists Modernists 1976 Zhou Enlai “The Gang of Four”: Jiang Qin, Chen Boda, Wang Hongwen, Yao Wenyuan

  41. Communist Government and a Capitalist Economy

  42. Deng Xiaoping (1905-1997) • A more moderate communist • Emerged as the new leader of China after Mao’s death • His vision drastically altered China’s direction • “Four Modernizations” • Restore trade w/ other nations (including the US) • Higher education standards • Restore bureaucracy of old China and infuse some capitalism

  43. De-Maoization “The 4 Modernizations”Progress in: • Agriculture • Industry • Science • Defense Class struggle was no longer the central focus!

  44. Tiananmen Square, 1989 More democracy!

  45. Tiananmen Square, 1989 Democracy—Our Common Ideal!

  46. Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Government Clamps Down

  47. Tiananmen Square, 1989 One Lone Man’s Protest

  48. Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Massacre: The People’s Army Moves In

  49. Tiananmen Square, 1989 The Army Looks for Dissidents

  50. Tiananmen Square, 1989 Student Leaders Are Arrested

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