Review

1. Review Take out a piece of paper. Put your name on it.

2. Write the statement that aids you in remembering the 7 levels of classifications. • Write the levels. • List the 6 Kingdoms • What is the difference between an autotroph and heterotroph?

3. Kingdoms: Protists

4. Protists • Members of the Kingdom Protista are related more by how they differ from members of other Kingdoms then by how they are similar to other protists. • General Characteristics • Most protists are single-celled organisms • Some make their own food • Some can control their movement

5. What We Looked At • Next Week you are going to observe the following under a microscope: paramecium, amoeba, euglena, and mixed rotifers. • We are going to talk about how these protists feed and reproduce.

6. Protists and Food • Some protists can make their own food by the process of photosynthesis (autotrophs). Others have to get food from their environment (heterotrophs). • Paramecium • Food particles are swept into gullet as it floats in water

7. Amoeba • Eat algea, bacteria and plant cells by engulfing food with pseudopods (false feet). The pseudopod stretches out and forms a food vacuole. Enzymes move into the vacuole to digest the food.

8. Euglena • Produce food by the process of photosynthesis. • Mixed Rotifers • Cilia can capture the food and swept it towards the protists food passage. • Capture prey with a pincer like structure called the mastax.

9. Protists and Reproduction • Most protists reproduce asexually. However, some can produce both asexually and sexually. • Asexual Reproduction • Offspring come from one parent and are identical to that parent. • Binary fission: single-celled protist divides into two cells. • Multiple fission: more than two offspring.

10. Sexual Reproduction • Requires two parents. • Conjugation: two protists join together and exchange genetic material by using an small second nucleus. Then divide into 4 protists that have new combinations of genetic material.

11. Paramecium • Binary fission and conjugation • Amoeba • Binary fission • Euglena • Binary fission • Mixed Rotifers • Sexual reproduction

12. Kingdom: Fungi • General Characteristics • Are eukaryotic (membrane bound organelles w/nucleus) heterotrophs that have rigid cell walls and no chlorophyll. • Maintain a variety of shapes, sizes, and colors. • External digestion of food.

13. Fungi and Food • Heterotrophs but cannot capture or surround food. • Fungi must live on or near their food source. • Get nutrients by secreting digestive juices onto a food source and then absorbing the dissolved food.

14. Fungi and Reproduction • Placed into Phylums based on their method of reproduction. • May be either asexual or sexual. • Asexual • Part of the fungus (hyphae) break apart, and each new piece becomes a new fungus. • Spores: are small reproductive cells that are protected by a thick cell wall. Spores are very light and can be spread by the wind.

15. Budding: a new cell pinches off from an existing cell and grows. Only observed in yeast.

16. Sexual • Sexual reproduction happens when special structures form to make sex cells. These sex cells join to produce sexual spores that can be released into the air . If the environmental conditions are supportive the seed will start to germinate. If

17. Bacteria • Eubacteria or Archaebacteria • These two kingdoms contain the oldest forms of life. • All bacteria are prokaryotic.

18. Characteristics of Bacteria • Shape of bacteria • Most bacteria have a cell wall that gives them their shape. • Three common shapes: rod, spherical, and spiral.

19. Prokaryotic: No nucleus. • Reproduction: Binary fission

20. Kingdom: Eubacteria • Eubacteria is classified by the way they get their food. • Many are decomposers, which feed on dead organisms. • Some are producers.

21. Kingdom: Archaebacteria • Three main types: heat lovers, salt lovers, methane makers. • Often live in harsh environments: nothing else can survive. • Little to no oxygen • Hot springs • Under ice in Antartica