EOC Test Preparation: Transformational Years

1. EOC Test Preparation:Transformational Years

2. The Civil Rights Movement • Segregation still practiced in the south by law • Segregation still practiced in the north despite no law enforcing it • Discontent over treatment and oppression lead to the Civil Rights Movement • Fighting for constitutional rights

3. The Civil Rights Movement • Brown v. Board of Ed (1954) • 1950s NAACP sued board of ed. In Topeka, Kansas because Linda Brown was not allowed to attend the all-white school • Supreme Court reversed Plessy v. Ferguson (“separate but equal”); meant segregation in schools was unconstitutional • Chief Justice Earl Warren

4. The Civil Rights Movement • Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) • Supreme Court continued dealing with segregation • Court ruled that Congress could regulate interstate commerce to outlaw segregation in privately owned businesses

5. White Resistance to CRM • Southern political leaders maintained segregation despite Court rulings • Arkansas and the Little Rock Nine • Governor wouldn’t allow segregation in the high school • National Guard called to prevent students from entering • Eisenhower had to send in 101st Airborne to enforce Court’s ruling

7. White Resistance to CRM • University of Mississippi and James Meredith • Governor tried to prevent him from being admitted • JFK sent federal authorities to handle the situation • AL Governor George Wallace • Prevent integration at Univ. of Alabama • Federal authorities sent to intervene

8. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence • Montgomery Bus Boycott • Rosa Parks, Dec. 1, 1955 • NAACP and Dr. MLK Jr. lead a boycott of city buses • City lost lots of $$$ • Made MLK Jr. a national figure

9. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence • MLK-Leader of the CRM • Civil disobedience- non-violent refusal to obey unjust laws • Gandhi

10. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence • Sit-ins • Feb. 1, 1960 • Greensboro NC • Nonviolent, remain seated until served or arrested • Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

11. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence • Freedom Rides • Blacks and whites took buses from the north to south to test court’s decision on interstate travel • CORE: Congress of Racial Equality

12. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nonviolence • CR protests continued in the South 1962-63 • August 28, 1963: March on Washington • Meant to put pressure on JFK to pass CRs legislation • 200,000 people showed up in support

13. Malcolm X and Black Militant Movement • Malcolm X • Gain rights by “any means necessary” • Started as a more militant individual, through Islam he became less militant • Viewed by some as a traitor • Killed in Feb. 1965 at a rally

14. Malcolm X and Black Militant Movement • Black Power-pride in African heritage, separate black economic and political institutions, self-defense against white violence, potentially violent revolution • Black Panthers-1966 • Positive and negative impact • Pushed to rebuild ghettos in big cities

15. Legal Changes • Lyndon B. Johnson urged Congress to pass CRs laws that JFK had proposed prior to his assassination • Civil Rights Act of 1964 • Prohibited segregation in public places • Prohibited discrimination in education and employment • 24th Amendment-1964, protected blacks’ voting rights by making the poll tax illegal • Voting Rights Act-1965 • Suspended literacy tests for voter registration • Led to huge amounts of African Americans to register to vote and running for political office

16. Civil Rights and the Cold War • Both the US and USSR sought countries all over the world to form alliances with • The fact that the US was slow to enforce equality among all people didn’t help the cause

17. Civil Rights and the Media • Power of the media • Many people in the US owned TVs and were able to watch what was happening in the CRM • Ideas spread quickly

18. Johnson, Nixon, Vietnam • Lyndon B. Johnson, • “Great Society”-CRs, social programs (“War on Poverty”) • Was able to get Congress to pass a lot of legislation that helped the poor and urban areas • Medicare/caid • Head Start (education for low-income families) • Department of Housing and Urban Development • Loosened immigration laws

19. Johnson, Nixon, Vietnam • Vietnam was a colony of France, but following WWII they began fighting for independence • Nationalists had ties to communism • Geneva Accords-conference in Switzerland, 1954, called for Vietnam to be divided into 2 nations • North=communist under Ho Chi Minh • South= democratic under Ngo Kinh Diem

21. US Involvement in Vietnam • Eisenhower and Kennedy (and the US) feared the spread of Communism • Viet Cong-Communist rebels in South Vietnam • US sent military to help South Vietnam fight communist North and VC • Diem’s gov. was corrupt in the South • Kennedy assassinated (Lee Harvey Oswald), Johnson now in office, will not lose Vietnam to Communism

22. US Involvement in Vietnam • Johnson won the presidency in 1964 by making his opponent seem (literally) on the warpath against Vietnam • However, Johnson was completely supportive of military involvement • Gulf of Tonkin-North Vietnamese had attacked US ships • Had they really??? • Johnson used the event to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution • Gave him the power to take military actions against Vietnam w/o Congressional approval

23. US Involvement in Vietnam • VC power continuing to spread as poor Southern Vietnamese supported the cause • Operation Rolling Thunder • US wanted to cut off North Vietnam’s support of VC (through supplies) • Johnson ordered intense bombing campaign • Bridges, supply lines, villages • Careful not to bomb areas that might incur wrath of USSR and China

24. Viet Cong and Guerilla Warfare • Not the traditional style of warfare • Strategies involving surprise attacks and then fleeing • Tet Offensive • Jan. 30, 1968 • Heavy fighting • Proved that the Communists could launch a serious military attack on US forces • US citizens begin to question the war

25. Attitudes in the US • Divided attitudes • US as the criminal? • Anti-war movement • Mostly on college campuses • Some peaceful, some violent • Johnson looks bad, does not run for re-election

26. Nixon and Vietnam • Jan. 1969, vowed to get US out of Vietnam • Vietnamization: • South Vietnamese soldiers to take the place of the US soldiers in Vietnam • Still nervous about Communism…began bombing raids against NV, Cambodia, Laos • Invaded Cambodia and destroy Communist training camps

27. End of US Involvement • Paris Peace Accords • Withdrawal of US troops within 60 days • Release of POWs • All parties involved would end military activities in Laos and Cambodia • 17th parallel would still divide N and S Vietnam

28. End of US Involvement • Fall of Saigon • After US left Vietnam, fighting resumed • North Vietnamese surrounded South Vietnamese at Saigon • US tried a last evacuation mission on April 29th • April 30th Saigon fell and Vietnam became a Communist country

29. War Protests • Kent State University • Anti-war protest turned violent • Students attacked businesses and burned army ROTC building on campus • Governor of OH sent in troops • Opened fire when students began throwing rocks/objects • 4 dead, 9 injured

30. War Protests • Pentagon Papers • 1971 • NY Times published a gov. study on US involvement • Executive branch (president) had lied to Congress • Secret decisions • Unapproved military actions

31. War Protests • Media and Vietnam • Nightly news showed horrors of war and even listed the death tolls each night • Huge negative impact on citizens’ views of the war

32. Social Revolution • “Baby Boomers” were now in college and challenging the ideals of society • Woodstock • 1969 • Peace, music, drugs, “immoral” behavior • counterculture • Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) • “New Left” • Rejected traditional views concerning social issues • Radical change

33. Social Revolution • Migrant Workers • United Farm Workers • 1962 • Cesar Chavez • Supported rights of migrant farm workers • Non-violent protests, hunger strikes

34. Social Revolution • Women’s Movement • “women’s lib”; equality between sexes • Betty Friedan, The Feminine Mystique • Phyllis Schlafly • Against Equal Rights Amendment • Women should stay home and take care of family, pursue a career later

35. Social Revolution • Women’s Movement • Equal Rights Amendment-sexual discrimination illegal (1972) • Was not ratified • Roe v. Wade-1973, Supreme Court ruled state laws restricting a woman’s right to an abortion during first 3 months was unconstitutional

36. Nixon Presidency • Détente • Nixon wanted to ease tensions between US and foreign nations through diplomacy • Domestic Policies/Issues • New Federalism: give power back to states, cut gov. support • Wanted a “middle road” when it came to CRs

37. Nixon Presidency • Domestic Policies/Issues • Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Ed (1971) • School busing and racial integration

38. Nixon Presidency • Oil Embargo • Fuel crisis, 1973 • OPEC placed an embargo (refused to sell) to US b/c of support for Israel • Exposed us dependency on oil

39. Nixon Presidency • Environmental Protection • Environmental Movement • Resources were not limitless • Conservation • EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)

40. Nixon Presidency • Watergate • 1972 presidential election • Nixon was concerned he would lose • Officials loyal to him wiretapped phones at DNC headquarters • Attempt failed, police arrested 5 men involved • Nixon didn’t know about the break-in, but he participated in cover-up • Supreme Court ruled that he had to deliver the tapes, but 18. 5 minutes was suspiciously missing • He was the only president in history to resign • Would’ve been impeached otherwise

41. EOC BOOKWORK • P. 222-224 • #s 1-10 multiple choice