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World War II. Dictators Threaten World Peace. Failures of WWI Peace Settlements. Treaty of Versailles Thought to be unfair by Germany and Hitler stripped them of overseas colonies and border territories Soviets did not like carving up parts of Russia either
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Failures of WWI Peace Settlements • Treaty of Versailles • Thought to be unfair by Germany and Hitler • stripped them of overseas colonies and border territories • Soviets did not like carving up parts of Russia either • People turned to authoritarian leaders because democratic governments were not working. • Dictators took over
Main Idea Question 1. Why did Hitler oppose the Treaty of Versailles?
Collapse of European Democracies The settlement of World War I established new parliamentary governments in Germany and Austria and created several new countries carved out of the former empires. These countries were established as parliamentary democracies or democratically governed constitutional monarchies. As the map shows, in 1925 most of Europe was still governed democratically. However, authoritarian regimes had begun in Russia, with the Communist revolution; in Italy, with fascism; and in Spain, Bulgaria, Turkey, and Albania. The map on the right shows the further progression of authoritarianism in Europe in the last years before World War II. By 1939 less than half the territory of Europe had a parliamentary form of government.
Communism A theory advocating the elimination of private property, a system in which goods are owned in common and are available to all as needed.
Joseph Stalin Transforms the Soviet Union • Wanted to create a model communist state • By 1937 The Soviet Union became the world’s 2nd largest industrial power • Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power • a. Responsible for deaths of 8-13 million people. many of these died by famine
Main Idea Question 2. Which leader transformed the Soviet Union from a rural nation into an industrial power? 3. Which leader regime was based on a communist philosophy?
Mussolini’s Rise to Power Mussolini establishes the Fascist Party in Italy Fascism stressed nationalism and placed the interests of the state above the individual Believed power must rest with a single strong leader and a small group of devoted party members
Main Idea Question 4. Who was the Leader of the fascist government in Italy?
Rise of Fascism in Italy October, 1922- Mussolini marched on Rome with followers in “Black” uniforms a. followers were known as the “Black Shirts” b. Italian king appointed him head of government when army and police sided with Mussolini c. Made Italy a totalitarian state d. He named himself “ Il Duce” (The leader)
Italy Invades Ethiopia 1936 Italy Invades Ethiopia -The Italians had claimed Ethiopia as their territory. With economic conditions worsening at home, Mussolini needed to take actions that would distract the Italian people. In 1936, the Italians fought against poorly-armed Ethiopian troops in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia's capital. The League of Nations censured Italy, but that comprised the extent of world reaction.
Main Idea Question 5. What three elements made up the Nazi beliefs?
Germany after WWI • State of economic despair and political instability • German government - Weimar Republic could not cope • Germany forced to pay reparations, limit military, accept blame for war • Printed more money-led to MASSIVE inflation • 1914 it took 4.2 German marks = 1 U.S. dollar by 1923 It took 4.2 trillion German marks = 1 U.S. dollar
Nazi Party - Rise to Power (1919) Hitler joined Nationalist Socialist German Worker’s Party- (NAZI) party Charismatic Speaker- became the party’s Der Fuhrer Promised to bring Germany out of chaos Hitler wrote the book Mein Kampf (My Struggle)- set forth the basic beliefs of Nazism that became the plan of action
Nazi Party - Rise to Power By 1932 - Nazi party was the largest single party in German congress-(Reichstag) Hitler named chancellor Reichstag burns- Hitler becomes President Hitler established the Third Reich- Third German Empire that would last 1,000 years
Nazism The German brand of fascism, was based on extreme nationalism. Hitler dreamed of uniting all German-speaking people in a great German empire. Hitler also wanted to enforce racial “purification” at home. In his view, Germans—especially blue-eyed, blond-haired “Aryans”—formed a “master race” that was destined to rule the world. “Inferior races,” such as Jews, Slavs, and all nonwhites, were deemed fit only to serve the Aryans.A third element of Nazism was national expansion. Hitler believed that for Germany to thrive, it needed more lebensraum, or living space.
World War II The Outbreak of War The European Theater
Hitler’s Aggressions-Austria Austria was Hitler's first target. The majority of Austria's 6 million people were Germans who favored unification with Germany. On March 12, 1938, German troops marched into Austria unopposed. A day later, Germany announced that its Anschluss, or “union,” with Austria was complete. The United States and the rest of the world did nothing.
German Reichstag hails Hitler for his peaceful annexation of Austria, March, 1938
Hitler’s Aggressions-Sudetenland 1. Giving up principles to pacify an aggressor is called _________. 2. When did Britain and France adopt this policy toward Germany? Hitler then turned to Czechoslovakia. About 3 million German-speaking people lived in the western border regions of Czechoslovakia called the Sudetenland. Hitler wanted to annex Sudetenland. Hitler charged that the Czechs were abusing the Sudeten Germans, and he began massing troops on the Czech border. Just when war seemed inevitable, Hitler invited French premier Édouard Daladier and British prime minister Neville Chamberlain to meet with him in Munich. When they arrived, the führer declared that the annexation of the Sudetenland would be his “last territorial demand.” In their eagerness to avoid war, Daladier and Chamberlain chose appeasement. On September 30, 1938, they signed the Munich Agreement, which turned the Sudetenland over to Germany without a single shot being fired.
Winston Churchill Warns Against Appeasement 3. Which leaders agreed to the Munich Pact? 4. Who opposed the Munich Pact? • Chamberlain's satisfaction was not shared by Winston Churchill, Chamberlain's political rival in Great Britain. In Churchill's view, by signing the Munich Pact,France’sDaladier and Great Britain’s Chamberlain had adopted a shameful policy of appeasement—or giving up principles to pacify an aggressor. As Churchill bluntly put it, “Britain and France had to choose between war and dishonor. They chose dishonor. They will have war.” • As Winston Churchill had warned, Hitler was not finished expanding the Third Reich. As dawn broke on March 15, 1939, German troops poured into what remained of Czechoslovakia. At nightfall Hitler gloated, “Czechoslovakia has ceased to exist.” After that, the German dictator turned his land-hungry gaze toward Germany's eastern neighbor, Poland.
Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 5. Which nation signed a nonaggression pact with Germany that led to the invasion and division of Poland? 6. What political theory did Hitler hate? Poland In 1939, Adolf Hitler was preparing for war. Though he was hoping to acquire Poland without force (as he had annexed Austria the year before), Hitler was planning against the possibility of a two front war. Since fighting a two front war in World War I had split Germany's forces, it had weakened and undermined their offensive; thus, played a large role in Germany losing the First World War. Hitler was determined not to repeat the same mistakes. So, he planned ahead and Germany made a pact with the Soviets, even though he hated communism, called – the Non-Aggression Pact. They also made a secret pact to split Poland
Attack on Poland 7. What was the German strategy of Blitzkrieg? 8. Which countries declared war on Germany after the German invasion of Poland? 9. Which country joined Germany in attacking Poland? As day broke on September 1, 1939, the German Luftwaffe, or German air force, roared over Poland, raining bombs on military bases, airfields, railroads, and cities. At the same time, German tanks raced across the Polish countryside, spreading terror and confusion. This invasion was the first test of Germany's newest military strategy, the blitzkrieg , or lightning war. Blitzkrieg made use of advances in military technology—such as fast tanks and more powerful aircraft—to take the enemy by surprise and then quickly crush all opposition with overwhelming force. In the last week of fighting, the Soviet Union attacked Poland from the east grabbing some of its territory. On September 3, two days following the terror in Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany.
What should the League of Nations have done? • When Japan invaded Manchuria in 1931, the League of Nations protested but took no further action. • When Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935, the League organized an ineffective economic boycott. • When Germany invaded Czechoslovakia in 1938, England and France followed a policy of appeasement, hoping Hitler would stop there . . . • But when Germany invaded Poland in 1939, WWII officially began in Europe. • 10. When did WWII officially begin in Europe?
Germany and Soviet Union Invade • For the next several months after the fall of Poland, French and British troops sat on the Maginot Line, a system of fortifications built along France's eastern border, staring into Germany, waiting for something to happen. • After occupying eastern Poland, Stalin began annexing the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Late in 1939, Stalin sent his Soviet army into Finland. After three months of fighting, the outnumbered Finns surrendered. • Suddenly, on April 9, 1940, Hitler launched a surprise invasion of Denmark and Norway in order “to protect [those countries'] freedom and independence.” But in truth, Hitler planned to build bases along the coasts to strike at Great Britain. Next, Hitler turned against the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, which were overrun by the end of May. • 11. What did Hitler plan to build in Denmark and Norway?
THE FALL OF FRANCE • France's Maginot Line proved to be ineffective; the German army bypassed the line during its invasion of Belgium. Hitler's generals sent their tanks through northeast France, thereby avoiding British and French troops. The Germans continued to march toward Paris. The German offensive trapped almost 400,000 British and French soldiers as they fled to the beaches of Dunkirk on the French side of the English Channel. In less than a week, a makeshift fleet of fishing trawlers, tugboats, river barges, pleasure craft—more than 800 vessels in all—ferried about 330,000 British, French, and Belgian troops to safety across the Channel. 12. How were the Allied troops rescued at Dunkirk?
THE FALL OF FRANCE • A few days later, Italy entered the war on the side of Germany and invaded France from the south as the Germans closed in on Paris from the north. After France fell, a French general named Charles de Gaulle fled to England, where he set up a government-in-exile. De Gaulle proclaimed defiantly, “France has lost a battle, but France has not lost the war.” • 13. Which French General set up a government-in-exile?
Battle of Britain 14. Every night for two solid months, bombers pounded London this became known as ___________ In the summer of 1940, The Luftwaffe began making bombing runs over Britain. Its goal was to gain total control of the skies by destroying Britain's Royal Air Force (RAF). Every night for two solid months, bombers pounded London. The Battle of Britain raged on through the summer and fall. Night after night, German planes pounded British targets. The RAF fought back brilliantly. With the help of a new technological device called radar. Six weeks later, Hitler called off the invasion of Britain indefinitely. “Never in the field of human conflict,” said Churchill in praise of the RAF pilots, “was so much owed by so many to so few.”
The Holocaust The Beginning
Jews Targeted 15. What were the Nuremburg Laws? • Anti-Semitic views began to purvey Nazi Germany. Many Germans were willing to support Hitler’s assertions that the Jews were to blame for many of the problems they were facing since their defeat in WWI. • In 1935, The Nuremburg Laws were a series of laws put in place to strip German Jews of citizenship, jobs, and private property. German Jews also had to identify themselves by wearing the Star of David attached to their clothing.
Kristallnacht (or) Night of Broken Glass 16. Kristallnacht marks the beginning of the ____________________. On November 9–10, 1938, the Nazis staged vicious state sanctioned programs, anti-Jewish riots against the Jewish community of Germany where Encouraged by the Nazi regime, the rioters burned or destroyed synagogues, vandalized or looted Jewish businesses, and killed at least 91 Jewish people. They also damaged many Jewish cemeteries, hospitals, schools, and homes as police and fire brigades stood aside. Kristallnacht was a turning point in history. The programs marked an intensification of Nazi anti-Jewish policy that would culminate in the Holocaust—the systematic, state-sponsored murder of Jews. Some have even begun to say that Kristallnacht isthe start of the Holocaust. The name Kristallnacht refers to the glass of the shop windows smashed by the rioters.
The Ghettos 17. What was the primary purpose of the ghettos? Ghettos were segregated Jewish areas in Poland surrounded by stone walls, barbed wire and German soldiers. The primary purpose of the ghettos was simply to isolate Jews from the rest of society. Conditions in the ghettos were so horrific. The dead would be piled up like cordwood in the streets so that they could be removed faster. Many Jews were used for work in factories built alongside the ghettos. The ghetto was basically a concentration camp.
The Holocaust Extermination
Concentration Camps • Eventually, Jews in ghettos were dragged from their homes and herded onto trains or trucks for shipment to concentration camps, or labor camps. Families were often separated, sometimes forever. Life in the camps was a cycle of hunger, humiliation, and work that almost always ended in death. • The prisoners were crammed into crude wooden barracks that held up to a thousand people each. They shared their crowded quarters, as well as their meager meals, with hordes of rats and fleas. Inmates in the camps worked from dawn to dusk, seven days a week, until they collapsed. Those too weak to work were killed.
The Final Solution • At a meeting held near Berlin, Hitler's top officials agreed to begin a new phase of the mass murder of Jews. To mass slaughter and starvation they would add a third method of killing—murder by poison gas. As deadly as overwork, starvation, beatings, and bullets were, they did not kill fast enough to satisfy the Nazis. The Germans built six death camps in Poland Each camp had several huge gas chambers in which as many as 12,000 people could be killed a day. At first the bodies were buried in huge pits. But the decaying corpses gave off a stench that could be smelled for miles around. Worse yet, mass graves left evidence of the mass murder. • At some camps, to try to cover up the evidence of their slaughter, the Nazis installed huge crematoriums, or ovens, in which to burn the dead. At other camps, the bodies were simply thrown into a pit and set on fire. 18. What was the 3rd method of killing the Nazi’s used for mass murder?
Concentration Camps “Work Brings Freedom” Once in the custody of the SS guards at the camps, the “undesirables” or Jews were beaten, tortured, starved, and often murdered through the so-called "extermination through work" which used mass execution gas chambers and furnaces.
Auschwitz • These type of death Camps had three primary purposes • to incarcerate real and perceived enemies of the Nazi regime and the German occupation authorities in Poland for an indefinite period of time • to have available a supply of forced laborers for deployment in SS-owned, construction-related enterprises (and, later, armaments and other war-related production) • to serve as a site to physically eliminate small, targeted groups of the population whose death was determined by the SS and police authorities to be essential to the security of Nazi Germany.
The Tragedy of the Holocaust Between 9 and 12 million people—including about 6 million Jews—died in concentration camps from 1939 to 1945. The record of this slaughter is a vivid reminder of the results of racism and intolerance. 19. How many Jews were killed during the Holocaust?
