The Respiratory System

1. The Respiratory System Pulmonary ventilaton-movement of air in and out of lungs;ventilation/breathing. External respiration-gas exchange between blood and alveolar sacs. Transport of respiratory gases-cardiovascular transport of oxygen/carbon dioxide between lungs and tissue cells. Internal respiration

2. Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System Organs-Nose,nasal cavity,pharynx,larynx, trachea, bronchi,smaller branches, lungs,alveoli. Respiratory zone-respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts,alveoli. Conducting zone-entrance, nasal cavity,bronchioles.

3. The Nose and Paranasal Sinuses Nose provides: airway, moistens/warms entering air,filters,speech resonating chamber,olfactory receptors. External nose-nasal bones, maxillary bone, lateral cartilage,greater & lesser alar cartilages,external nares Nasal cavity-septum(septal cartilage, perpendicular plate, vomer),conchae,meati, respiratory epithelium Paranasal sinuses-frontal,sphenoid, ethmoid,maxillary.

4. The Pharynx Connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus. Nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx Nasopharynx-posterior to nasal cavity,inferior to sphenoid bone, superior to soft palate level;auditory tubes

5. The Pharynx (cont�d) Oropharynx-lies posterior to oral cavity;extends from soft palate to esophagus; epithelium transitions from pseudostratified to strat. squamous; palatine, lingual tonsils Laryngopharynx-lies directly posterior to epiglottis and extends to larynx

6. The Larynx Voice box extends 2 inches from C4-C6;attaches to hyoid bone superiorly Functions in providing patent airway and to route air and food into proper channels;voice production. Laryngeal framework-thyroid cart., laryngeal prominence,cricoid cart., arytenoid, corniculate,cuneiform,vestibular fold,vocal fold,epiglottis Laryngeal musculature-extrinsic(stabilization);intrinsic(regulate vocal fold tension).

7. The Trachea Descends from larynx into mediastinum 10-12 cm (4 inches) long,2.5cm diameter(1 inch) Tracheal walls-mucosa, submucosa, adventitia Trachealis muscle Carina

8. The Bronchi and Subdivisions:The Bronchial TreeThe Conducting Zone Right/left primary bronchi(extrapulmonary) Secondary(lobar),tertiary(segmental), terminal bronchioles Structural changes occur as bronchi diameter diminish:(1)cartilage rings replaced by irregular cartilaginous plates; (2)pseudostratified>columnar>cuboidal; and (3)smooth muscle increases.

9. The Bronchial TreeThe Respiratory Zone Terminal bronchioles feed into into respiratory bronchioles. Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs

10. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs Apex, base, root Lobes: Superior, middle, inferior Fissures:Horizontal,oblique Surfaces: Costal, mediastinal, cardiac notch Connective tissue, trabeculae, elastic fibers, smooth muscles, and lymphatics.

11. Blood Supply and Innervation of the Lungs Pulmonary arteries,arterioles, pulmonary capillary network, venules, veins Bronchial arteries Pulmonary plexus-parasympathetic motor, visceral sensory fibers

12. The Pleurae Parietal Visceral Pleural cavity Respiratory Muscles Diaphragm External,internal intercostal Accessory muscles: Sternocleidomastoid,serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, scalenes (inspiration)

13. Respiratory Muscles (cont�d) Accessory muscles:external/internal intercostals, abdominal obliques, and rectus abdominis(expiration) Respiratory movements: Eupnea (diaphragmatic breathing/costal breathing) Hyperpnea

14. Respiratory membrane Type I cells (epitheliocytes)-alveolar walls; angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE) Type II cells-secrete surfactant (interferes w/H20 molecule cohesiveness Alveolar macrophages Respiratory membrane-fused basal laminas of alveolar epithelium & capillary endothelium

15. Pulmonary Ventilation Inspiration-diaphragm,intercostals Expiration-quiet vs. forced

16. Medullary Respiratory Centers Dorsal respiratory group-root of Cn IX;pacesetting; inspiratory center Ventral respiratory group-extends within ventral brain stem to pons-medulla junction;forced breathing Pons respiratory centers-fine tunes inspiration/expiration transition;deters overinflation

17. Pathologies Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Obstructive emphysema-alveolar enlargement,alveolar wall deterioration Chronic bronchitis-inhaled irritants Asthma Tuberculosis Lung Cancer

18. Digestive System Alimentary canal(digestion/absorption)-mouth, pharynx,esophagus, stomach, small intestine,large intestine. Accessory organs-teeth, tongue,salivary glands, gall bladder,liver, and pancreas.

19. Digestive Process Ingestion Propulsion Mechanical digestion Chemical digestion Absorption Excretion * Digestive lining protects against corrosive effects of enzymes/acids,abrasions, and pathogens.

20. Mesenteries Fused double sheets of peritoneal membrane;provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves. Organ reinforcement, prevent entanglement Lesser/greater omentum, mesocolon(transverse,sigmoid) Retroperitoneal(pancreas,large intestine);intraperitoneal(stomach)

21. Histological Organization Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa

22. The Mucosa and Submucosa Mucus secretion, absorption, protection Submucosa-loose CT surrounding muscularis mucosae;contains blood/lymphatic vessels,nodules, nerve fibers.

23. Muscularis Externa Responsible for peristalsis/segmentation Circular(inner)layer,longitudinal(outer)layer-sphincters Myenteric plexus (of Auerbach)

24. The Serosa Protective outermost layer of intraperitoneal organs(visceral peritoneum);areolar CT; pharyngeal, esophageal,rectal serosa replaced by adventitia (fibrous CT)

25. Peristalsis/Segmentation Peristaltic wave-rhythmic contractions of circular and longitudinal muscles; pacesetter cells Segmentation-churn and fragment digested materials;circular contractions

26. Functional Anatomy of the Digestive SystemOral Cavity Bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, tongue Vestibule, labial frenulum Hard/soft palate(uvula) Palatopharyngeal, palatoglossal arches Tongue;dorsum with papillae;frenulum

27. The Teeth Primary(deciduous),permanent dentitions Incisors,canines, premolars, molars Formula: 2I, 1C, 2PM,3M x 2 =32 2I, 1C, 2PM,3M Structure:Enamel,dentin, pulp cavity, root canal,periodontal ligament, cementum, gingival sulcus.

28. Salivary Glands Saliva: 99% water +buffers, metabolites, enzymes. Saliva cleanses mouth, moistens/dissolves food. Extrinsics: parotid, submandibular, sublingual; intrinsics: buccal

29. The Pharynx Pharyngeal constrictors-initiates bolus movements Palato/Stylopharyngeus-elevate larynx Palatal muscles-raise soft palate & portions of pharyngeal wall Swallowing process/phases: buccal, pharyngeal, esophageal

30. The Esophagus Hollow, muscular tube:25 cm.long,2 cm diameter C6 to T7 Angiology: esophageal,thyrocervical trunk, external carotids, bronchials, celiac trunk & inferior phrenic artery Innervation: Vagus & esophageal plexus

31. The Esophagus (cont�d) Mucosal stratified epithelium Esophageal glands Superior 1/3 has skeletal muscles fibers, middle third has skeletal/smooth mixture;bottom third has smooth;visceral reflexes No serosa

32. The Stomach Stomach functions in: storage of ingested food, mechanical breakdown, and chemical digestion(chyme formation). T7-L3 15-25 cm long; empty(50ml),full(up to 4L). Rugae Cardia, body, fundus, lesser/greater curvatures Pylorus, sphincter.

33. The Stomach (cont�d) Angiology: left gastric (lesser curve & cardia), splenic(fundus & greater curve),common hepatic(lesser/greater curves of pylorus) Innervation:Thoracic splanchnic nerves(sympathetic fibers) from celiac plexus;parasympathetics supplied from vagus nerve. Musculature:circular, longitudinal

34. Stomach Histology Gastric pits/glands Gastric glands have three cell types:(1) parietal-HCL/intrinsic factor;(2) chief-pepsinogen, rennin/gastric lipase(newborns);(3) enteroendocrine-gastrin

35. The Small Intestine Body�s major digestive organ 6m long, 4cm-2.5 cm diameter Accounts for 90% of nutrient absorption Plicae circulares Three subdivisions: duodenum, jejunum, ileum

36. Small Intestine (cont�d) Duodenum is retroperitoneal; (L1-L4) Hepatopancreatic ampulla and sphincter, major duodenal papilla. Jejunum;2.5 m long Ileum(peritoneal);3.6m long;ends at valve

37. Intestinal Histology Intestinal villi-contain lacteals, microvilli,enterocytes Intestinal crypts-secrete intestinal juice Peyer�s patches -lymphoid follicles found in submucosa Brunner�s glands-occur in duodenal submucosa

38. Large Intestine Frames small intestine on three sides and extends from ileocecal valve to anus 1.5m long Functions:(1) resorption of water/ electrolytes;compaction of feces(2)vitamin absorption(bacterial flora)

39. Large Intestine (cont�d) Cecum,vermiform appendix Colon:haustra,taenia coli, epiploic appendages Colon regions:Ascending>hepatic flexure>transverse>splenic flexure>descending>sigmoid flexure>sigmoid Rectum: Anal canal/ columns, internal/external anal sphincter, anal orifice.

40. The Liver Largest visceral organ Functions:metabolic/hematological regulation, bile production. Falciform ligament,ligamentum teres, lobes (right,left,caudate, quadrate),porta hepatis Angiology: hepatic artery proper,portal vein

41. Liver Histology(cont�d) Lobules(central vein),hepatocytes Portal triad:hepatic artery branch, portal vein branch, bile duct Sinusoids(hepatic macrophages)

42. Gall Bladder Stores/modifies bile Fundus, body, neck Cystic duct

43. The Pancreas Exo/endocrine gland Head, body, tail Retroperitoneal Pancreatic/accessory pancreatic duct Exocrine product-pancreatic juice Islets of Langerhans