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Gary A. Polis Intraguild predation

Gary A. Polis Intraguild predation. Presented by: Maria Vozzo, BIOL 7083 April 16, 2013. Mini-Biography. Education: Ph.D., Biology, UC-Riverside, 1977 M.A., UC-Riverside, 1975 Loyola University, 1969 Professor of Ecology at University of California – Davis 1998-2000

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Gary A. Polis Intraguild predation

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  1. Gary A. PolisIntraguild predation Presented by: Maria Vozzo, BIOL 7083 April 16, 2013

  2. Mini-Biography • Education: • Ph.D., Biology, UC-Riverside, 1977 • M.A., UC-Riverside, 1975 • Loyola University, 1969 • Professor of Ecology at University of California – Davis 1998-2000 • Vanderbilt University 1979-1998 • Oregon State University 1977-1979 • Drowned in a boating accident in the Sea of Cortez while on a field expedition in 2000 Gary Allan Polis, 1946-2000 www.news.ucdavis.edu

  3. Field Studies “The evidence argues that actual community food webs are extraordinarily more complex than those webs cataloged by theorists. I argue that most cataloged webs are over simplified caricatures of actual communities…that they poorly represent real biological communities. Consequently, the practice of abstracting empirical regularities from such catalogs yields an inaccurate and artifactual view of trophic interactions within communities. Contrary to strong assertions by many theorists, patterns from food webs of real communities generally do not support predictions arising from dynamic and graphic models of food-web structure.” Polis 1991

  4. Research Interests • Scorpions, spiders, desert communities • Food web complexity • Trophic Cascades • Intraguild Predation (IGP) • “The killing and eating of prey species by a predator that also can utilize the resources of those prey” • Competition and predation by species in the system Polis et al., 1989

  5. Research Interests • Scorpions, spiders, desert communities • Food web complexity • Trophic Cascades • Intraguild Predation (IGP) • “The killing and eating of prey species by a predator that also can utilize the resources of those prey” • Competition and predation by species in the system Polis et al. 1989

  6. Key papers Polis, G. A., C. A. Myers and R. D. Holt. 1989. The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation: Potential competitors that eat each other. Annual review of ecology and systematics 20: 297-330. Cited by 1118 Polis, G. A. and R. D. Holt. 1992. Intraguild predation: The dynamics of complex trophic interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7: 151-154. Cited by 489 Holt, R. D. and G. A. Polis. 1997. A theoretical framework for intraguild predation. The American Naturalist 149: 745-764. Cited by 530

  7. Key Concepts • Omnivory: consuming resources from more than one trophic level • Competition vs. Predation • Competition theory: Resource use, coexistence, exclusion, and alternative stable states among species • Predation theory: How predators and prey persist, predator impacts on prey, oscillations among populations Polis and Holt 1992

  8. Intraguild Predation Shared Resource (Basal prey) Polis et al. 1989

  9. Intraguild Predation Intermediate Predator (Intraguild or IG Prey) Shared Resource (Basal prey) Polis et al. 1989

  10. Intraguild Predation Top Predator (Intraguild or IG Predator) Intermediate Predator (Intraguild or IG Prey) Shared Resource (Basal prey) Polis et al. 1989

  11. Intraguild Predation Top Predator (Intraguild or IG Predator) Intermediate Predator (Intraguild or IG Prey) Shared Resource (Basal prey) Polis et al. 1989

  12. Intraguild Predation Top Predator (Intraguild or IG Predator) Predation Intermediate Predator (Intraguild or IG Prey) Shared Resource (Basal prey) Polis et al. 1989

  13. Intraguild Predation Top Predator (Intraguild or IG Predator) Predation Intermediate Predator (Intraguild or IG Prey) Competition Shared Resource (Basal prey) Polis et al. 1989

  14. Intraguild Predation Polis and Holt 1992

  15. Intraguild Predation Predators, Consumers & Resource (no IGP) Polis and Holt 1992

  16. Intraguild Predation Predators, Consumers & Resource (no IGP) IGP Polis and Holt 1992

  17. Theory Holt and Polis 1997

  18. Competitors coexist with no IGP; IGP A and B No IGP - A excludes B; IGP enhances A No IGP - B excludes A; IGP - coexistence No IGP - priority effect; IGP - dominance by A Without IGP No IGP – B excludes A; IGP – priority effect Isocline of predator (species A) Isocline of prey (species B) Polis et al. 1989

  19. Competitors coexist with no IGP; IGP A and B No IGP - A excludes B; IGP enhances A No IGP - B excludes A; IGP - coexistence No IGP - priority effect; IGP - dominance by A Without IGP No IGP – B excludes A; IGP – priority effect Isocline of predator (species A) Isocline of prey (species B) Must species B be a superior competitor in order to exist in IGP? Polis et al. 1989

  20. IGP is ubiquitous in nature Polis et al. 1989

  21. IGP is ubiquitous in nature Polis et al. 1989

  22. Community Ecology Implications of IGP • Community structure • Exclusion, coexistence, alternative stable states (Polis et al. 1988, Holt and Polis 1997) • Resource use • Superior competitors (Polis et al. 1989) • Direct vs. Indirect effects (Polis and Holt 1992) • Exclude or decrease resources • Alter behavioral interactions • Trophic cascades (Polis and Holt 1992) • Predation impacts lower trophic levels

  23. Legacy of IGP: Trophic Cascades • Addition of top predator, suppresses larvae, indirectly benefiting aphids. • Top predator addition can suppress herbivore population + - Rosenheim et al. 1993

  24. Legacy of IGP: Indirect and Direct Effects Wissinger and McGrady 1993

  25. Legacy of IGP: Indirect and Direct Effects • IG predator presence (Tramea) reduced feeding of IG prey (Erythemis) • Indirect effect (behavior) • Direct effect (consumption) Wissinger and McGrady 1993

  26. Legacy of IGP • How is IGP influenced by other factors such as habitat structure and complexity? Janssen et al. 2007

  27. Legacy of IGP: Community Structure, Resource Use, Trophic Cascades, and Indirect & Direct Effects Research Questions: • How does intraguild predation and habitat structure affect species interactions on an oyster reef? • Sheepshead • Mud crab-bivalve interaction • Resource survival • Consumption or indirect effects?

  28. Oyster Reef Communities • Drastic declines in oyster populations • 85% loss worldwide • Oyster reefs provide vital habitat to many species Common Oyster Reef Residents SC DNR Beck et al. 2011

  29. Predator-Prey Interactions Trophic Cascades Intraguild Predation Top Predator SC DNR Sheepshead(Archosargusprobatocephalus) Mud crabs Intermediate Predator Mussels (Geukensiademissa) (Panopeusherbstii) sms.si.edu Basal Prey Holt and Polis 1997, Janssen et al. 2007

  30. IGP and Oyster reef complexity consumptive effect indirect effects Low Structure Reef High Structure Reef behavioral effect − − Top Predator Top Predator SC DNR SC DNR Sheepshead Sheepshead - Mud crabs Mud crabs - Intermediate Predator Intermediate Predator + + + - - Mussels + Mussels - - sms.si.edu sms.si.edu Basal Prey Basal Prey Vozzo et al. 2012, presentation

  31. IGP and Community Ecology • Community structure • Resource use • Direct vs. Indirect effects • Trophic cascades “…intraguild predation is a ubiquitous and often powerful interaction central to the structure and functioning of many natural communities; closer attention to it will enrich our understanding of population and community ecology.” Polis et al. 1989

  32. Thank you! Questions?

  33. Beck, M. W. et al. 2011. Oyster reefs at risk and recommendations for conservation, restoration, and management. BioScience 61: 107-116. Grawbowski, J. 2004. Habitat complexity disrupts predator-prey interactions but not the trophic cascade on oyster reefs. Ecology 85: 995-1004. Janssen, A. et al. 2007. Habitat structure affects intraguild predation. Ecology 88: 2713-2719. Holt, R. D. and G. A. Polis. 1997. A theoretical framework for intraguild predation. The American Naturalist 149: 745-764. Polis, G. A. 1991. Complex-trophic interactions in deserts: an empirical critique of food-web theory. The American Naturalist 138: 123-155. Polis, G. A., C. A. Myers and R. D. Holt. 1989. The ecology and evolution of intraguild predation: Potential competitors that eat each other. Annual review of ecology and systematics 20: 297-330. Polis, G. A. and R. D. Holt. 1992. Intraguild predation: The dynamics of complex trophic interactions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 7: 151-154. Rosenheim, J. A., L. R. Wilhoit and C. A. Armer. 1993. Influence of intraguild predation among generalist insect predators on the suppression of an herbivore population. Oecologia 96:439-449. Saxon, Wolfgang. “Gary Allan Polis, 53, an Expert On Scorpions and Desert Ecology”. The New York Times. 01 April 2000. 20 February 2013. < http://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/01/us/gary-allan-polis-53-an-expert-on-scorpions-and-desert-ecology.html>. Wissinger, S. and J. McGrady. 1993. Intraguild predation and competition between larval dragonflies: direct and indirect effects on shared prey. Ecology 74:207-218. Citations

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