JPN494: Japanese Language and Linguistics JPN543: Advanced Japanese Language and Linguistics

1. JPN494: Japanese Language and LinguisticsJPN543: Advanced Japanese Language and Linguistics Phonology & Phonetics (1)

2. Phonology & Phonetics • Phonology and Phonetics: Studies of Linguistic Sounds (vowels, consonants, intonations, …) • What’s the difference?

3. Phonetics • Phonetics is a study of linguistic sounds from the acoustic/articulatory perspectives. • “Sounds” as physical/physiological phenomena → “phones” • NOTE: Only certain aspects of acoustic/articulatory properties of sounds are described. Some phonetic descriptions are more “fine-grained” than others.

4. Phonology • Phonology is a study of linguistic sounds from the functional perspective. • “Sounds” as building units of meaningful linguistic expressions → “phonemes” • Phoneme: the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language.

5. Notational Convention • phonetic description: […] (e.g. [spɪn]) • phonological (phonemic) description: /…/ (e.g. /spɪn/) • [p], [t], … in the context of Japanese phonetics and [p], [t], … in the context of English phonetics are distinct (although they represent similar sounds). • Similarly for /p/, /t/, … in Japanese phonology and /p/, /t/, … in English phonology. • IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet): yet another system of phonetic description. It is “language-neutral”.

6. Phonetics vs. Phonology • pin [phɪn], spin [spɪn], pop [phɑp] • [ph] vs. [p]: “different” or “same”? • They are different from the phonetic perspective, but the same from the phonological perspective. • [ph] and [p] are allophones of the same phoneme, /p/ (in English).

7. Complementary distribution • Complementary distribution: allophones (conditional allophones) do not occur in the same phonological environment • OK: pin [phɪn], spin [spɪn] • ??: pin [pɪn], spin [sphɪn] • Pairs of expressions that have different meanings and that differ in only one sound (phone) are called minimal pairs; they can be used to show that two phones are not allophones of the same phoneme. • light : right • hit : heat

8. Free variations (free allophones) • The consonant in ら・り・る・れ・ろ can be realized either as (by different speakers or by the same speaker): • [ɾ] (flap) • [l] (approximant) • [r] (trill) (rare) • りんご, [ɾiŋgo] ～ [liŋgo] ～ [riŋgo] • [ɾ], [l], and [r] are free variations of phoneme /r/ in Japanese. • Some scholars use the term free allophones.

9. Two phones can be identified as allophones of the same phoneme only if: • Either they do not occur in the same environment (complementary distribution) or their opposition do not contribute to difference in meaning (no minimal pair like [ɾaɴ] : [laɴ]); AND • There is good phonetic reason to group them together (phonetic similarity)

10. Allophones in one language are not necessarily so in another language • [p] and [ph ] are considered the “same” in English (phonologically) • But they are not in some other languages • 비 [pi] “rain” vs. 피[phi] “blood” (Korean)

11. Conversely … • [p] and [b] are considered different in English • But they are not in some other languages • 비빔밥[pibimbap] (Korean)

12. Ariticulatory Phonetics • Vocal Organs

15. 舌 (した), 唇 (くちびる) • 歯 (は), 歯茎 (しけい), 硬口蓋 (こうこうがい), 軟口蓋 (なんこうがい), 口蓋垂 (こうがいすい) • 咽頭 (いんとう), 喉頭 (こうとう), 声門 (せいもん), 喉頭蓋 (こうとうがい) • 声帯 (せいたい), 甲状軟骨 (こうじょうなんこつ),披裂軟骨 (ひれつなんこつ), 輪状軟骨 (りんじょうなんこつ)

16. Two major types of sounds • Consonants: speech-sounds produced when the speaker either stops or severely constricts the airflow in vocal tract. • Vowels: speech-sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract, which functions as a resonating chamber.

17. Consonants in English and Japanese • Place(s) of Articulation: • lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, hard palate, velum (soft palate), … • Manner of Articulation • stops (plosives), fricatives, affricates, approximants, … • Voicing (Phonation) • voiced vs. voiceless

18. Stops (Oral Stops) in English • (complete closure of the articulators involved so that the air stream cannot escape through the mouth.) • bilabial: [p] (voiceless), [b] (voiced) • cap [cæp], cab [cæb] • alveolar: [t] (voiceless), [d] (voiced) • feet [fit], feed [fid] • velar: [k] (voiceless), [g] (voiced) • sack [sæk], sag [sæg]

19. Stops (Oral Stops) in English • [ph], [th], [kh] in syllable-initial position • pin [phin] vs. spin [spin], hip [hɪp]

20. Stops (Oral Stops) in Japanese • bilabial: [p] (voiceless), [b] (voiced) • パン, 番 (ばん) • alveolar: [t] (voiceless), [d] (voiced) • 竹 (たけ), だけ • velar: [k] (voiceless), [g] (voiced) • 滓 (かす), ガス (濁点 (だくてん; “゛”) indicates [+voiced])

21. Stops (Oral Stops) in Japanese • No or less aspiration (in syllable- or word-initial position) • パン [pan], 手 [te], 木 [ki] • Japanese alveolar stops ([t], [d]): the front part of the tongue blade contacts the alveolar ridge • English alveolar stops ([t], [d]): the tongue tip contacts the alveolar ridge

22. Nasals (Nasal Stops) in English • bilabial: [m] • map, Kim • alveolar: [n] • nap, kin • velar: [ŋ] (does not occur in syllable-initial position) • king (nasals are generally voiced)

23. Nasals (Nasal Stops) in Japanese • bilabial: [m] • 娘 (むすめ); 心配 (しんぱい) • alveolar: [n] • 猫 (ねこ); 今度 (こんど) • velar: [ŋ] • (φ); 天気 (てんき) • uvular: [ɴ] • (φ); 券 (けん)

24. In word-middle position, [g] alternates with [ŋ] (in some dialects) • 科学 (かがく) [kagakɯ] ~ [kaŋakɯ] • ガス [gasɯ] (NOT: [ŋasɯ])

25. Fricatives in English • (Close approximation of two articulators so that the airstream is partially obstructed and turbulent airflow is produced.) • labio-dental: [f] (voiceless), [v] (voiced) • fan, van • dental (interdental): [ð] (voiceless), [θ] (voiced) • thigh, thy • alveolar: [s] (voiceless), [z] (voiced) • sue, zoo • alveo-palatal: [ʃ] (voiceless), [ʒ] (voiced) • shoe, leisure • glottal: [h] (voiceless) • hit (n.b.: ʃ = š, ʒ = ž)

26. Fricatives in Japanese • bilabial: [ɸ] (voiceless) • 古い (ふるい) • alveolar: [s] (voiceless), [z] (voiced) • 殺気 (さっき), 雑記 (ざっき) • alveo-palatal: [ʃ] (voiceless) • 鹿 (しか) • palatal: [ç] (voiceless) • 人 (ひと) • glottal: [h] (voiceless) • 鳩 (はと) (voiced alveo-palatal fricative ([ʒ]): only in rapid speech)

27. サ･シ・ス・セ・ソ [sa ʃi sɯ se so] • ハ・ヒ・フ・ヘ・ホ [ha çi ɸɯ he ho] • ファ・フィ・フェ・フォ [ɸa ɸi ɸe ɸo] • ファール, フィン, フェリー, フォーム

28. Affricates in English • (a stop immediately followed by a fricative.) • alveo-palatal: [ʧ] (voiceless), [ʤ] (voiced) • church, judge (n.b.: ʧ = č, ʤ = ǰ)

29. Affricates in Japanese • alveolar: [ʦ] (voiceless), [ʣ] (voiced) • 月 (つき) , 雑記 (ざっき) • alveo-palatal: [ʧ] (voiceless), [ʤ] (voiced) • 置換 (ちかん), 時間 (じかん) (n.b.: ʦ = ts, ʣ = ds, ʧ = č, ʤ = ǰ)

30. ザ･ジ・ズ・ゼ・ゾ • [za] ~ [ʣa] • [ʤi] (~ [ʒi] in rapid speech) • [zɯ] ~ [ʣɯ] • [ze] ~ [ʣe] • [zo] ~ [ʣo] • [ʣ] (rather than [z]) tends to occur in word-initial position • cf. cars [cɑɚz] vs. cards [cɑɚdz]

31. タ･チ・ツ・テ・ト [ta ʧi ʦɯ te to] • (ツァ [ʦa]) • カデンツァ • ダ・(ヂ)・(ヅ)・デ・ド [da (ʣi/ʒi) (ʣɯ/zɯ) de do]

32. Approximants in English • (A gesture in which one articulator is close to another, but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.) • alveolar (central): [ɹ] • right • alveolar lateral: [l] • light • labio-velar (central): [w] • well • palatal (central): [j] • yell (n.b.: j = y, ɹ = r (in Tsujimura’s book))

33. [ɹ], [l], etc. are called “liquids”. • [w], [j], etc. are called “glides” or “semi-vowels” (because their qualities are similar to those of vowels).

34. Approximants in Japanese • alveolar lateral: [l] • りんご • velar: [w] • 若い (わかい) • palatal: [j] • 安い (やすい) • Japanese [w] accompanies no or less lip-rounding (than English [w])

35. Flaps, trills (in English and Japanese) • The tongue-tip hits the alveolar ridge once/repeatedly. • alveolar flap: [ɾ] • alveolar trill: [r] (rare) • りんご [ɾiŋgo] ～ [liŋgo] ～ [riŋgo] • alveolar flap in English • better [bɛɾɚ], rider [ɹaɪɾɚ]

36. Palatalized consonants in Japanese • [kj], [gj], [nj] ([ɲ]), [mj], [rj] (palatal or alveo-palatal consonants: [ʧ], [ʃ], [ʤ], [ç]) • 客 (きゃく), 急 (きゅう), 今日 (きょう) • 逆 (ぎゃく), 牛丼 (ぎゅうどん), 業界 (ぎょうかい) • 蒟蒻 (こんにゃく), 牛乳 (ぎゅうにゅう), 尿 (にょう) • ミャンマー, ミュージック, 茗荷 (みょうが) • 略す (りゃくす), 竜 (りゅう), 旅館 (りょかん) • 茶 (ちゃ), 注意 (ちゅうい), チェス, 調子 (ちょうし) • 車庫 (しゃこ), 週末 (しゅうまつ), シェル, 商売 (しょうばい) • じゃこ, 十(じゅう), ジェスチャー, 女性 (じょせい) • 百 (ひゃく), 日向 (ひゅうが), 氷河 (ひょうが) • “j” is a diacritic indicating palatalization (the phenomenon whereby the tongue body approaches the hard palate). • [ɲ] is a palatal nasal sound.