Moving Toward Independence

1. Moving Toward Independence 1763-1775

2. SSUSH3 The student will explain the primary causes of the American Revolution. a. Explain how the end of Anglo-French imperial competition as seen in the French-Indian War, and the 1763 Treaty of Paris, laid the groundwork for the American Revolution. b. Explain colonial response to such British actions such as the Proclamation of 1763, Stamp Act, and the Intolerable Acts as seen in Sons and Daughters of Liberty and Committees of Correspondence. c. Explain the importance of Thomas Paine’s Common Sense to the movement for independence. SSUSH4 The student will identify the ideological, military, and diplomatic aspects of the American Revolution. a. Explain the language, organization, and intellectual sources including the writing of John Locke and Montesquieu of the Declaration of Independence and the role of Thomas Jefferson.

3. Essential Questions: • What and who laid the groundwork for a revolution to be able to occur? • How did the key ideas of American democracy develop? • How did the Age of Enlightenment play a role in independence? • What caused the American Revolution? • How did this revolution start? • Who was behind this revolution? • What was the colonial response to pre-revolutionary actions by the British? • How did the British respond to colonists ideas about freedom? • How did some colonists shape their people’s thinking towards approving a war of Independence? • Why was Thomas Paine so important to the Revolution?

4. French and Indian war, Stamp Act, Intolerable Acts, Proclamation of 1763, Sons/Daughters of liberty, Committee of Correspondence, Pontiac’s Rebellion, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, John Adams, Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, Aaron Burr, Federalists, Democratic-Republicans Albany Plan for Union, John Locke, Montesquieu, Thomas Jefferson, Vocabulary

5. Democratic Ideas in the Colonies

6. Religion in the Colonies • Settlers left Europe because of each nation’s established church. • Official church • Try to create established churches in the American colonies. • Roman Catholic- Spanish • Anglican- New York, Maryland, Southern colonies • Congregational- New England, Connecticut • Separatist- Plymouth • Puritan- Massachusetts Bay • Middle colonies encouraged all sorts of religions.

7. Rhode Island • Founded by Roger Williams. • No established religion. • Church was separate from the state govt. • No taxes to support the church. • Did not have to belong to a church to vote. • No forced attendance.

8. Maryland • Governed by Lord Baltimore. • Toleration Act of 1649 • All those professing to believe in Jesus Christwere free to practice their own religion. • Jews not protected.

9. Pennsylvania • Founded by William Penn. • Charter of Privileges • Anyone could settle in Pennsylvania as long as they believed that one Almighty God as the Creator and Ruler of the World. • Only Christians allowed.

10. Religious Toleration • Many colonies had to alter their rules to encourage settlers. • Blacks not taught Christianity. • Owners fearful of rebellion. • Anglicans set up black schools • Quakers established yearly religious meetings. • Blacks segregated (separate) from the white congregation. • “African pews”

11. Democratic Way of Life • 5 essentials • Religious freedom. • Freedom to learn. • Freedom to think. • Freedom to speak. • Freedom to publish.

12. European Learning • A formal education essential for all wealthy families. • Tutors hired to teach the sons. • Wealthy colonists sent sons to private English schools. • Daughters taught music and literature.

13. Colonial Learning

14. Colonial Learning

15. Changes in Education • 3 reasons • Plantation owners wanted their sons to learn about business. • Rural areas needed better education. • Scarcity of books • Library societies created by merchants to lend out books for a small fee.

16. Puritans believed that it was important to read to create “God fearing” and “law abiding” citizens. 1647 law Every town w/ 50 or more households must appoint a teacher of reading and writing to be paid by the town. Every town w/ 100 or more households must provide a school to prepare young men for college. Wealthy families expected to pay tuition. Rate for schooling. Poor families were paid for by the town. Created the idea that a “free public education was mandatory.” Massachusetts

17. New England Schools • Teachers were either mothers of students or indentured servants. • Problems • Children of all ages in the same room. • Short terms. • Irregular attendance. • Lack of materials. • New England Primer • Written in 1690. • Taught school children to be obedient, law-abiding citizens, and to worship God.

18. Frontier Education • Experience!! • Learn to think for yourself. • Books • Bible • Almanac • Books containing a wide variety of info w/ advise on medicine, recipes, planting, and harvestin.

19. Poor Richard’s Almanac • Written by Benjamin Franklin. • For want of a nail the shoe was lost; for want of the shoe the horse was lost; and for want of a horse the rider was lost. • Learning is to the studious and riches to the careful. • Then plow deep while sluggards sleep, And you shall have corn to sell and to keep. • God helps them that help themselves. • The sleeping fox catches no poultry. • Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.

20. Colonial Governments • Virginia • House of Burgesses • First representative govt. in America (1619). • 3 types of colonies • Royal colonies- run by England • Proprietary colonies- run by a proprietor. • Self-governing- independent of England.

21. Royal Colonies • 8 total by 1760. • King appointed a governor. • The legislature was the law-making body. • Counsilors- Upper House • appointed • Assembly- Lower House • elected • King could veto any law.

22. Proprietary Colonies • 3 by 1760. • Maryland, Delaware, and Pennsylvania. • Proprietor appointed the governor. • Assembly elected by the people. • One-house legislature.

23. Self-Governing Colonies • 2 by 1760 • Rhode Island and Connecticut • Governor and legislature all elected by the voters. • Each had a written Constitution. • Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

24. Suffrage • Right to vote. • Limits • Only adult males who owned property could vote. • Religious qualifications- had to belong to a church to vote. • Isolation of the frontier.

25. Conflicts in the Assembly • Wealthy had all the political power. • Wealthy on the seaboard voted for laws that favored them. • Rural frontier had a very limited say.

26. Loss of Massachusetts Charter-1684 • Conflict with England • Charter taken away and a royal governor, Andros, sent to rule • Mr. Andros is so hated that he flees, disguised as a woman, back to England

27. Local Government • Town meeting- designed to allow citizens to discuss problems. • Selectmen- 3 principle town officers to administer the laws. • County- local govt. designed to cover a larger area. • Justice of the Peace- Chief officer of the local county to carry out laws. • County lieutenant • Defended the county against Indian attacks.

28. Events and Situations that lead to Independence for the Colonies!!

29. A Spider Web graphic organizer #1 #2 Causes of the American Revolution

30. Mercantilism • Economic policy where a nation tries to gain greater wealth and power than its rivals. • Favorable balance of trade- tool used by a nation to get money by selling more goods than it imports. • Export- selling goods abroad • Import- buying goods from other nations. • Exports must be greater than imports. • A nation with a high favorable balance of trade… • will be self-sufficient. • will be wealthy. • will build a powerful army and navy.

31. The Colonies Help Great Britain • Colonies provided raw materials. • Colonies provided markets for goods produced in Britain. • Colonies encouraged the growth of mercantilism. • Colonies provided bases for the Royal Navy.

32. Navigation Acts • 1651 • Restricted all trade within the British Empire to British ships. • American colonists begin building ships. • Created wealthy shipbuilding industry.

33. Navigation Act of 1660 • Listed specific colonial products that could be shipped and sold only to England. • Enumerated goods- tobacco, cotton, and sugar. • Bounties made to stimulate production of certain goods.

34. Navigation Act of 1663 • Required the colonists to buy most of their manufactured goods from England. • All European goods sent to the colonies had to unloaded, taxed, and then reloaded before sale. • Duty- tax on goods. • Mercantilism threatened the prosperity of the New England colonies because many of the same products made in America were the same as those in Great Britain.

35. Triangular Trade • Vessels from colonies set sail for Africa with rum. • Rum traded for slaves or gold. • Slaves taken to West Indies and sold for molasses, sugar, or money. • Molasses sent to colonies to make more rum.

36. Molasses Act of 1733 • Colonists could buy molasses from French, Dutch, or Spanish islands, but had to pay a high duty on the imports. • Salutary neglect- deliberate failure to enforce the mercantile laws.- “turn a blind eye”

37. Problems in Governing the Colonies

38. Need for Money • Britain in debt after 4 wars. • Needed to maintain a large empire. • British felt their colonists, as subjects of the King, should help pay the debt. • This meant the 13 colonies too

39. The Frenchand Indian Wars1754 to 1763 Britain wants colonists to pay off this war debt British felt that the colonists owed them for fighting the French in North America. The colonists did not see it that way Colonists begin to Develop an identity as Americans and anti-British

40. Florida and Canada • Taken by Britain after the French and Indian War. • Had to reorganize old French and Spanish governments. That costs • Colonists do not want to pay for that

41. Land West of the Appalachians • Fur traders want no settlers. • Farmers and land speculators want it open for settlement. • Settlers demand protection from the Indians from Britain.

42. Indian Lands • Natives pushed off the land. • Pontiac’s Rebellion- Indians try to stop westward movement by destroying British forts. • British offer generous peace terms. Guess who this ticks off?

43. Weak King • George III seen as ineffective and stubborn by colonists. • Viewed colonies as territories owned by Britain.

44. Proclamation Act of 1763 • Ordered all settlers to withdraw temporarily from all lands west of the Appalachians. • Result of Pontiac’s Rebellion. • Reserved certain lands for the Indians. • Fur Trade put under control of royalty. Guess who benefits from that action?

45. Sugar Act of 1764 • Attempt by British Parliament to raise money to protect the colonies. • Placed a duty on molasses, sugar, and other imports. • Reduced the Molasses Act duty. • Royal inspectors searched homes looking for smuggled goods from other countries. • Severely hurts the rum business.

46. Currency Acts of 1764 • Forbid the colonies to issue paper money. • Colonies must pay all taxes with gold or silver coins. • Forced more gold and silver to be sent to Britain.

47. Quartering Act of 1765 • Colonists mustprovide barracks and supplies to British troops in America. • Must “quarter” troops in their homes for free

48. Stamp Act of 1765 Levied taxes on diplomas, playing cards, newspapers, advertisements, and all legal documents. “An Emblem of the Effects of the STAMP,” a warning against the Stamp Act published in the Pennsylvania Journal, October 1765; in the New York Public Library.

49. Indirect Taxes Taxes on an item that are hidden in the cost or spread out for others to pay. Examples Gas tax Sugar Act tax Direct Taxes Taxes paid directly to the government. Examples Income tax Stamp Act tax Taxes

50. “taxation without representation !” • Colonist cry that taxes were being levied w/out any representation in Parliament. • British felt that Parliament not only represented the British, but also the colonists. • Virtual representation