Regional Meeting on Cooperation on Transboundary Aquifers in Africa

1. Regional Meeting on Cooperation on Transboundary Aquifers in Africa El Mouradi – Gammarth Hotel (Tunis) 05 - 08 September 2017 Djamel Latrech

2. SASS LIMITS

3. GENERAL DATA

4. OBSTACLES TO SOIL OCCUPANCY

5. PROPOSED LEVIES

6. CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES • RESERVATIONS CONSIDERABLE BUT LOW RENEWABLE • LIMITS OF ECONOMICALLY EXPLOITABLE VOLUMES FOR AGRICULTURE • GROWING WATER NEEDS • MANAGEMENT NOT CONCERTED

7. SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT BASIN AWARENESS KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT COOPERATION AND TECHNICAL EXCHANGES PERMANENT CONCERTATION SASS BASIN

8. 1st PHASE OF THE SASS PROJECT / 1999 - 2002

9. SASS PROJECT COMPONENTS • INFORMATION SYSTEM Common database CommonSIG • MATHEMATICAL MODEL • CONCERTATION MECHANISM Integration of the entire basin Realization of simulations Shared Vision • Sustainable management of the basin

10. CONDITIONS OF MOBILIZATION

11. EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 1960

12. 1970 EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 1970

13. 1980 EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 1980

14. 1990 EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 1990

15. 2000 EVOLUTION OF WATER POINTS : 2000

16. Billion m3/yr TOTAL LEVIES IN SASS, 2,7 2,4 2,1 1,8 1,5 LIBYA TUNISIA Levies > Recharge 1,2 ALGERIA 0,9 0,6 0,3 0 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 EVOLUTION OF LEVIES

17. CONSEQUENCES OF LEVIES Salt water   Disappearance of artesianism   Excessive pumping heights   Drying up of Tunisian Outlet Drying up of Algerian Foggaras Interferences : Drawdowns between countries   Salt Intrusion in the Gulf of Syrte in Libya

18. RISK AT THE LEVEL OF THE CHOTTS Natural Condition wells Piezometric level Chott Pure water Aquifer Upward flow Situation at Risk wells Salt water « suction » Chott Aquifer Piezometric level Inversion of flow

19. SCENARIOS OF THE THREE COUNTRIES Forecast water demand (2050)

20. CONSEQUENCES TO CI: DRAWDOWNS IN 2050

21. REVISION OF SCENARIOS AND STRATEGY Study and validation of results by countries Recommendations: localization of hydraulic availabilities respecting the following constraints • Maintenance of artesianism • Preservation of foggaras • Preservation of the Tunisian outlet • Preservation of water quality • Permissible pumping heights

22. Algéria Tunisia Libya AREAS OF POTENTIAL LEVIES TO CT Complexe Terminal aquifer Nearby chotts: areas influenced by increased levies Areas of potential levies

23. Algeria Tunisia Libya AREAS OF POTENTIAL LEVIES TO CI ContinentaleIntercalcaireaquifer Areas very sensitive to pumping and the rapid decline of artesianism Areas of potential levies DEBDEB – GHADAMES region: projected levies by the three countries accentuate the drawdowns

24. MICRO MODEL OF POPULARIZATION

25. RESULTS OF NEW SIMULATIONS

26. SASS OPPORTUNITY AND RISK MAP Tunisian outlet Chotts Syrte Artesian Basin Jufrah Oued Mya Western Basin

27. Workshop of ROME, 20 December 2002 Photo M.BESBES • What is the future of SASS at the end of this investigation phase? The problems encountered by the three SASS countries naturally lead them to organize together  : The practice of partnership during the SASS project has forged mutual trust and the conviction that the exchange of information, which founds all solidarity, has become an activity not only possible but indispensable.

28. RESULTS OF THE SASS PROJECT TRANSPARENCY AND CAPITALIZATION OF INFORMATION EXCHANGE DYNAMICS WITH SOLIDARITY FACE TO RISK CONCERTATION / TECHNICAL MECHANISM

29. RESULTS OF THE SASS PROJECT PREVIOUS SITUATION • COMBINED COMMISSIONS • WILL OF DECISION-MAKERS FOR CONCERTATION • ABSENCE OF TECHNICAL DATA CURRENT SITUATION • TECHNICAL DATA • DIALOGUE TOOLS AVAILABLE FOR DECISION-MAKERS

30. SECOND PHASE OF THE 2003 - 2007 PROJECT

31. COMPONENTS OF THE SECOND PHASE Sub-Regional Models Specific Studies Socio-economic situation Environment Concertation Mechanism

32. SUB-REGIONAL MODELS Biskra region Djeffara Western Basin

33. SOCIAL ECONOMY • SOCIOECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF MODELED REGIONS • SASS BASIN IRRIGATION METHODS • TYPE OF CULTURE AND IMPACT IN THE SASS BASIN • LONG-TERM DEVELOPMENT

34. ENVIRONMENT • Water quality • Salinization of soils • Envionmental risks analysis • Risks to groundwater • Recharge area • Wet area

35. ENLARGEMENT TO OTHER PARTNERS • AGRICULTURE • ENVIRONMENT • USERS • LOCAL DECISION-MAKERS • NGO • Etc … FOR : CONTRIBUTION AWARENESS MEMBERSHIP

36. THIRD PHASE OF THE PROJECT 2008 - 2016

37. PRESSURE ON RESOURCE • GROWTH OF DEMAND: Populations: 5 million (2012) to 8 million (2030) - Irrigated areas: 300,000 ha (2012) to 500,000 ha (2030) • CLIMATE CHANGE : Rainfalls 20% (1970 – 2000)- temperature 1°C to 2°C (2050) – ETP 350mm (2050) currently (2000 mm) • ABSENCE OF CONSERVATION : Losses in networks - Low efficiency of irrigation • SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS : Limit the conventional supply of water (more and more expensive) - excessive subsidies - low valuation of water • WATER TRANSFERS (demand in peripheral areas): 1950 2012 16000 Water points 400 water points R + T + ETP More and more levies Decrease in Water and Soil Resources (salinization) Need more energy / Conflict of use

38. Improved water productivity Socio-economic tools - 4,500 surveys carried out I - Factors Affecting Water Productivity • Water price 100%, Water demand 60% and productivity 7 to 17 %, • Double Salinity (2 à 4 g/l) , productivity between 67 and 80 % II - Systems that make the best use of water : • Market gardening and Greenhouse cultivation systems • The dense classical oasis system, and • The Mainly Breeding System III – Low-productivitysystems • The Plein Champ (mainly Céréaliculture) • Mainly tree crops and • Scattered classical oasis systems Hydroeconomic model for choosing the cropping system by decision-makers : * Cost evaluation water pumping / salinization

39. Efficiency of irrigation Agricultural Demonstration Drivers Six agricultural demonstration pilots on a hectare scale on the following themes : • Drip irrigation • The setting up of underground drainage networks • The valorisation of unconventional waters (demineralized brackish) • The adaptation of a cultural calendar • The use of solar energy within the framework of a participatory management • Proven profitability at the scale of ha • The need for large-scale integration validation (Markets, regional structures, PPPs, etc.)

40. Examples of Results of the Demonstration Drivers • 1, Drip irrigation: • Restoration of the Oasien System • Land use 50% • 2, Underground drainage system + drip : • Decreased soil salinity • 100% increase in land use • 150% increase in yields • 3, Irrigation with demineralised brackish water • Improved productivity (150%) • Improvement of farmers' incomes(100%) • Improvement of soil quality Before After Before After

41. Impacts of climate change On the basis of 300 farm surveys The main impacts highlighted are: • Increasing scarcity of rainfall • An increase in the frequency of sandstorms • Degradation of the quality of water and soil resources • Degradation of some natural vegetation • An appearance of harmful insects The main adaptations focused on: • The abandonment of certain profitable but demanding crops • The introduction of livestock • The change in irrigation techniques Climate Change has aggravated the situation of agriculture

42. CROSS-BORDER COOPERATION Major Challenges Convincing decision-makers: • the limits of the Offer's policy • the need to limit or even reduce the levies • to strengthen the prerogatives of the consultation mechanism in place Investing in agriculture who ensures : • The economy of water (irrigation system, ... ..) • Soil protection (drainage systems) • Crop systems with better productivity Ensure sustainability in the context of water management by: • Tailored pricing • A Demand Management Policy Develop a Master Plan under the Coordination Mechanism

43. PROSPECTS

44. OBJECTIVES The objective of the project is to provide countries with technical and socio-economic elements to support the development of national agricultural policies based on efficient and sustainable use of groundwater in a context of adaptation to climate change and food insecurity. The aim is to implement on a large scale the approach to water use and the efficiency of its use in order to improve land productivity and the well-being of rural populations, particularly women and farmers. This objective is in line with the objectives of sustainable development goals (SDGs), in particular: SDG 1 Eradicate poverty in all its forms and around the world. SDG 2Eliminate hunger, ensure food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. SDG 6 Ensure access of all to water, sanitation and sustainable management of water resources. SDG 7 Ensuring universal access to reliable, sustainable, modern and affordable energy services.

45. EXPECTED RESULTS • The project will provide concrete and reliable • the implementation of a sustainable demand management strategy with an adapted pricing structure • improved water efficiency • rehabilitation of degraded lands • better soil protection against salinization • better control of actual water withdrawals • a valorization of unconventional waters (brackish waters and drainage waters) which constitute renewable water to reduce the overexploitation of fossil water in the basin • the use of renewable energies (especially solar energy) • the development of the Public-Private Partnership • creation of jobs with a sedentarisation of populations • a reduction in the work of women and children • strengthening the role of the Consultative Mechanism • A HYDRO-ECONOMIC MODEL APPLICABLE TO OTHER BASINS

46. Thank you for your attention