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Introduction to hygiene and ecology. Hygienic important components of the biosphere, solar radiation, climate and weather. Bioethical aspects of the impact of the environment on humans. Author: Lototska Olena V. 1. THE PLAN. Introduction in hygiene and ecology.
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Introduction to hygiene and ecology. Hygienic important components of the biosphere, solar radiation, climate and weather. Bioethical aspects of the impact of the environment on humans. Author:Lototska Olena V. 1
THE PLAN • Introduction in hygiene and ecology. • Bases of preventive and current sanitary supervision. • Hygienic important components of the biosphere, solar radiation,climate and weather. • Sun radiation and health. • Hygienic important of climate and weather. • Bioethical aspects of the impact of the environment on humans.
Prophylaxis is one of the basic principles of public health service. The main duty of the medical workers is the taking of the disease prevention measures for healthy people and exacerbation, complication and relapse prevention for the ill. • Prophylaxis means the wide system of state, public and medical measures for preserving and strengthening people’s health, the upbringing of the healthy young generation, work capacity and people’s longevity increasing.
Prophylaxis is divided into three kinds – primary, secondary and tertiary in accordance to the specific kinds of pathology. Primary prophylaxis includes prophylactic technologies of preventing disease through removing risk factors (causes and conditions of its development) and improving general body resistance to risk factors. Tertiary prophylaxis includes medico-prophylactic technologies aimed at removing negative aftermaths of the disease (relapses, complications, temporary and permanent disability, death). Secondary prophylaxis includes medico-prophylactic technologies of revealing a disease, preventing its progress, aggravation and possible complications
THE IDEAS OF PROPHYLAXIS IN SCIENTIFIC WORKS The main task of a doctor is about care of healthy people so that they don’t fall in disease. Hippocrates (IV century B.C.) The primary task of a doctor lies in preventing a disease; if you have failed to manage it – treat it; if the disease is incurable – alleviate suffering. Botkin S.P. (1867) I believe in hygiene. This is where real progress of our science lies. The future belongs to preventive medicine. Pirogov M.P. (1887)
Health is defined as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely absence of disease or infirmity.
health of the population medical etiological factors(8 -10 %) way of life (49-53 %) genetic factor (18-22 %), pollution of an environment (17-20 %)
PROPHYLACTIC MEDICINE Object of studying: healthy man, and groups of the practically healthy people Medicine • MEDICAL • Object of studying: • sick man
Supply of fresh air and sunlight Safe and potable water supply Balanced diet Healthful shelter Adequate clothing hygienic environmental sanitation Protection from communicable and other avoidable afflictions Complete sense of protection and security both socially and economically A congenial social and cultural atmosphere. Regulated way of life with proper rest and relaxation and good and simple habits. To promote and maintain a state of health an individual needs the following prerequisites:
Hygiene is a basic preventive science in medicine. It generalizes all dates of theoretical and clinical disciplines in the field of prophylaxis, integrates knowledge’s about complex influence of an environment for health of the man, work out principles and systems of preventive measures.
The word hygiene comes from Hygeia, the Greek goddess of health, who was the daughter of Aesculapius, the god of medicine. In Greek and Roman mythology, Hygieia (also Hygiea or Hygeia, Greek Ὑγιεία or Ὑγεία, Latin Hygēa or Hygīa), was a daughter of the god of medicine, Asclepius. She was the goddess of health, cleanliness and sanitation. She also played an important part in her father's cult. While her father was more directly associated with healing, she was associated with the prevention of sickness and the continuation of good health. Her name is the source of the word "hygiene".
Marble relief of Asclepius and his daughter Hygeia. From Therme, Greece, end of the 5th century BC.
Basic aim of hygiene – preserving and improving health Professor Winslow defined aim of hygiene as "science and art of (i) preventing diseases, (ii) prolonging life, and (iii) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort for (a) the sanitation of the environment, (b) the control of communicable diseases, (c) the education of the individual or personal hygiene, (d) the organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and (e) the development of the social machinery to ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing these benefits as to enable every citizen to realize birth right of health and longevity".
It has many aspects: • personal hygiene(proper living habits, cleanliness of body and clothing, healthful diet, a balanced regimen of rest and exercise); • domestic hygiene(sanitary preparation of food, cleanliness, and ventilation of the home); • public hygiene(supervision of water and food supply, containment of communicable disease, disposal of garbage and sewage, control of air and water pollution); • industrial hygiene(measures that minimize occupational disease and accident); • mental hygiene(recognition of mental and emotional factors in healthful living) and so on.
Main tasks of hygiene are the following: 3.Scientific substantiation and working out of the hygienic norms, rules and measures, which help use maximum positively influencing on an organism of the man the factors of an environment and elimination or restriction up to safe levels unfavourable operating ones. 1. Studying the natural and anthropogenic environmental factors and social conditions affecting the health of a human. 2.Studying the laws of the impact of environmental factors and conditions on the human body or population. 5. Prediction of the sanitarian situation for the nearest and remote perspective in view plans of development of the national economy. Definition of appropriate hygienic problems, which implying from prognostic situation and scientific working out these problems. 4. Introduction in practice of public health services and national economy developed hygienic recommendations, rules and norms, check of their effectiveness and perfecting.
2. Methods of studying of environmental influence on human organism and health Methods of hygiene 1. Methods of environment studying
Methods of environment studying Methods of sanitary examination with further sanitary description Instrumental and laboratory methods Physical Biological Sanitary-statistic Geographical chemical
Methods of Studying of Environmental Influence on Human Organism and Health Methods of natural observation Methods of experimental investigation 1.Clinical 1.Experiment with models of natural condition 2. Physiological 3. Biochemical 4. Toxicological 2.Laboratory experiment on animals 5. Sanitary-statistic 3.Laboratory experiment on humans 6. Medical-geographical
“Prevention is better than cure”is an old saying. Preventive medicine deals with the measures to protect the individuals from the diseases, and to keep them in a state of positive health. For this we have to ensure all the above-mentioned prerequisites required for the maintenance of positive health.
People in ancient societies were concerned about personal hygiene and sanitation for religious reasons. The Bible contains many rules for cleanliness, and describes public health measures still important today. These include quarantining the sick to prevent the spread of disease and avoiding contact with objects used by sick people. The Greek physician Hippocrates first made the connection between disease and natural environmental factors in the 4th century bc. His treatise Airs, Waters, and Places described how diseases can result from way of life, climate, impure water, and other environmental factors. For the next 2000 years, it was the most widely used text on public health and epidemiology.
Ancient Romans adopted Greek ideas about public health after colonizing Greece in the 1st century bc. Rome's greatest contributions to public health involved sanitary engineering. They built aqueducts to supply Rome with pure water and a public sewer system to carry away wastes, as well as public baths and hospitals. The Roman government also hired physicians and assigned them to villages to care for the poor.
After the Roman Empire collapsed in ad 476 public health efforts were forgotten and unsanitary conditions returned. Millions of people died when great epidemics of smallpox, leprosy, bubonic plague, tuberculosis, and other diseases swept across Europe in the Middle Ages (5th to 15th centuries ad). Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411) European painting showing the Plague.
Anthoni van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723) was the first to observe bacteria and other microscopic organisms using a rudimentary microscope. In 1700 Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714)published first comprehensive occupational health treatise. This the birth of occupational health.
During the Renaissance (1500-1700 A.D.), there was rebirth of thinking about nature and humans. Scientific advances of the 16th and 17th centuries laid the foundations of anatomy and physiology. Observation and classification made possible the more precise recognition of diseases. The idea that microscopic organisms might cause communicable diseases had begun to take shape.
The environments must be hygienic, with supply of fresh air, safe potable water and balanced diet.This aspect of preventive medicine started gaining more importance from 18th century onwards with the discovery of various vaccines and sera for the protection against various diseases like small pox, cholera, plague, whooping cough, tetanus, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis etc. Edward Jenner discovered vaccination against small pox in 1796.
The discovery of causative agents of the diseases by Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) and Robert Koch (1843-1910) gave a great fillip to the science of preventive medicine. Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Von Behring (1854-1917) brought up the principle of serum treatment and use of anti-sera in various diseases. Emil Adolf Behring
WHAT REQUIRES THE KNOWLEDGE OF HYGIENE State of population health analysis connected with living conditions. Diagnostics, defining etiology and pathogenesis of alimentary, professional and infectious diseases. Administering treatment (in treatment-and-prophylactic institutions) and treatment-and-prophylactic (in dangerous enterprises) diet that assist in removing harmful substances from the body, rises the body resistance to their action. Professional orientation (establishing correction of health level and chosen profession), medical expert examination. Recommendations on daily regimen and personal hygiene. Intrahospital infection prevention. Conducting sanitary-educational work with people (in treatment-and-prophylactic establishments), in pediatric establishments (pediatric doctor), enterprises (medical dispensary doctor), in rural conditions (rural district doctor).
Environmental Sanitation The word sanitation is derived from the Latin word Sanitaswhich means a state of health. Environmental Sanitation means the control of all those factors in man's surroundings, which cause or may cause adverse effects on his health. The sanitarian directs his efforts towards hygiene of water and food supply, hygienic disposal of human wastes, hygiene of housing and control of vectors and rodents etc.
Hygienic standardization
Environmental standards are definite ranges of environmental factors which are optimal or the least dangerous for human life and health. In Ukraine basic objects of hygienic standardization are: MAC – maximum admissible concentration (for chemical admixtures, dust and other hazards) MAL – maximum admissible level (for physical factors) LD – dose limit (for ionizing radiation) Optimum and admissible parameters of microclimate, lighting, solar radiation, atmospheric pressure and other natural environmental factors. Optimum and admissible daily requirements in food and water.
Basic objects which are under the hygienic norms setting can be divided into two groups. The first group contains factors of anthropogenous origin which are unfavorable for human being, and are not necessary for the normal life activity (dust, noise, vibration, ionizing radiation, etc.). MAC, MAL and LD are those parameters which are set for this group of factors. The second group contains factors of natural surrounding which are necessary (in certain amount) for normal life activity (food-stuffs, solar radiation, microclimatic factors and others). For this group the following parameters, must be set: optimum, minimum and maximum admissible parameters.
What is pollution? The word comes from the Latin pollutus, which means made foul, unclean, or dirty. Some is obvious like smoke which you can see but much of it is not obvious at all. Yet you're eating it and drinking it and breathing it most of the time. And what is worse is that all this muck affects all other life on Earth.
Socio-economic conditions Labor Education of children Nutrition Way of life Factors Chemical Biological Здоров’я людини Physical Psychogenic Factor is the reason, the driving force of any process Pollutant – is any natural or anthropogenic physical agent, chemical substance or biological species that gets into the environment, whether it appears in quantities exceeding normal (allowable) content Pollution - the presence in the environment of contaminating substances in quantities that exceed the MCL and can have a negative impact on the health and living conditions of human
The following ways of toxic, radioactive and biological agents transmission are possible AIR MAN polluting substance water MAN polluting substance Animals Plants SOIL polluting substance MAN
Types of actions of environmental factors on the human body Isolatedis an action, in which one substance gets into the human body Combinedis an action, in which several substances get into the human body from a single medium Complex– is an action, in which a substance gets into the human body from different compartments of biosphere Incorporatedis an action, in which the human body is affected by two or more factors of different nature (e.g. chemical and noise simultaneously)
Traditional forms of pollution includeair pollution, water pollution, and radioactive contamination while a broader interpretation of the word has led to the ideas of ship pollution, light pollution, and noise pollution. Light pollution Water pollution Air pollution Land pollution
What are the three components of the biosphere & what role do they play in maintaining life ? • Biosphere is area of the earth inhabited by life. It contains all the earth's ecosystems.This is a thin layer of oceans, lakes, and streams. The land to the depth of a few meters and the atmosphere to an altitude of a few kilometers.1. Water (oceans, lakes, rivers, streams). All life is water based. Organisms use it to live in and use it to keep hydrated on land. It keeps the earth's temperature from getting too hot or too cold.2. Land is the solid foundation for plants, fungi, animals to interact with each other.3. Atmosphere is used to hold the oxygen needed for aerobic life to exist. It is the main mover of our weather and controls the climates around the world.
2.4. “Biosphere“ (from greek. Bios - life and sphaira - shell) - first used in 1875 by Austrian scientist E. Zyus during the study of alpine forests World famous geochemist, Academician V.I. Vernadsky (1926) identified three components of the biosphere (living - biota and inanimate - biokost): lower atmosphere (troposphere), - at an altitude of 7-8 km over the poles and 16-18 km - above the equator of the planet Earth, hydrosphere – with the parameters of depth of 11022 m, as well as part of the lithosphere - up to 2-3 km deep to subsoil V.I. Vernadsky 1863-1945
The atmosphere as part of the biosphere An atmosphere (New Latin atmosphaera, created in the 17th century from Greek ἀτμός [atmos] and σφαῖρα [sphaira] “sphere” is a layer of gases that may surround a material body of sufficient mass and that is held in place by the gravity of the body. The mass of Earth is 5,98 x 1021tons The mass of Atmosphere is 5,157 x 1015 tons
The atmosphere as part of the biosphere The atmosphere of Earth is a layer of gases surrounding the planet Earth that is retained by Earth's gravity. The atmosphere protects life on Earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation, warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducing temperature extremes between day and night (the diurnal temperature variation) Atmospheric stratification describes the structure of the atmosphere, dividing it into distinct layers, each with specific characteristics such as temperature or composition.
The structure of the atmosphere Exosphere ( 690-10000 km) Thermosphere (85-690 km) Mesosphere (50-85 km) Stratosphere (20-50 km) Troposphere (0 – 20 km)
