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Chapter 2 – Perception and Learning

Chapter 2 – Perception and Learning. Part 1: Perception January 23, 2007. Perception. Active processing of info – 3 stages 1. Selection – influenced by internal & external factors. Internal – implications? External – implications? What is figural (salient) versus background (filler)?.

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Chapter 2 – Perception and Learning

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  1. Chapter 2 – Perception and Learning Part 1: Perception January 23, 2007

  2. Perception • Active processing of info – 3 stages • 1. Selection – influenced by internal & external factors. • Internal – implications? • External – implications? • What is figural (salient) versus background (filler)?

  3. Perception (stages cont…) • 2. Organization • Use schemas to make sense and infer relationships among targets • Schemas differ between people • …how can they lead to differential perceptions?

  4. 3. Evaluation • Interpret events in subjective fashion – influenced by biases • Can be barrier to cross-cultural communication • Adler’s 3 sources of cultural misinterpretation • What are each of these? • Subconscious cultural blinders – • Lack of cultural awareness – • Projected similarity –

  5. Attribution Process - Kelley • Attribute actions to internal (trait) or external (situation) causes • Consensus –defined as… • Consistency – defined as… • Distinctiveness – defined as…

  6. Attribution • Why is your friend complaining about her manager? • Assume high consensus & distinctiveness, but low consistency – which attribution is predominant? • Assume low consensus & distinctiveness, but high consistency – which attribution?

  7. Attribution errors • Self-serving bias • My success due to internal factors, failure due to external factors • Generalizability to other cultures? • Fundamental Attribution Error (FAE) • Opposite of self-serving (judging others) • Underestimate influence of situation (failure due to internal, not external, factors) • Halo effect – favorable impression extends • Performance appraisals and selection applications

  8. Perceptions of Performance Appraisals • DeNisi & Gonzalez (2004) – propose importance of ratee’s perceptions of the appraisal: • How would each of these help? • 1. importance of clear standards – • 2. simple-to-use rating instruments – • Example of performance diaries or incident logs

  9. Stereotyping • Dangers of relying on stereotype of group to categorize a person from that group • Reasons stereotypes can become problematic? • 1) • 2) • 3)

  10. Johari Window • One way to minimize biases by making people aware of their values, prejudices • Divides info about you into 4 ‘windows’ based on whether your values/beliefs are known to you & others • Open, blind, hidden, unknown areas • Increase ‘open’ area through disclosing to others & others giving you feedback

  11. Johari Window Feedback Disclosure

  12. Johari Window (cont.) • Can work w/360 degree feedback program • Problems: • 1) • 2) • 3)

  13. Dual Attitude System • Wilson proposed we have implicit (subconscious) attitudes & explicit (stated) attitudes • Implicit attitudes parallel ‘unknown’ or ‘blind’ areas • Self-reports assess explicit – problems? • See www.understandingprejudice.org/iat/ • How does it measure each type of attitude?

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