Types of Asexual Reproduction

1. Types of Asexual Reproduction

2. What is Asexual Reproduction

3. Disadvantage 1. No Diversity • Since the traits of only one parent is passed on, all of the offspring are exactly identical. This causes for a very big lack of diversity among the population of these organisms. 2. Prone To Extinction • All of the same traits also means all of the same weaknesses. Parasites and other predators that have evolved to kill just one of the organisms can take out the entire population. 3. Cannot Adapt • An organism has established reactions to certain things, and all of these reactions are passed down to their offspring with asexual reproduction. This makes it impossible for them to adapt to any environment changes.

4. Advantages • Advantages 1. Rapid Populating • * Asexual reproduction gives the ability to produce large quantities of of offspring. This helps to fill up niche’s quickly and prevent intruders and competition from invading. 2. No Mates Required • * Finding a mate can be very difficult for organisms that are in desolate environments, like the deep ocean. Asexual reproduction takes the need to find a mate away, allowing these organisms to multiply. 3. In Case of Emergency • * In dire situations, plants and organisms can keep themselves alive and produce others to help them without the help of a mate, or other reproductive source. Plants are a great example of this. If no pollinator is available to pollinate, then they can clone by asexual reproduction. 4. No True Investment • * Asexual reproducers do not have to carry their offspring for a long amount of time and produce more than one at a time. This makes it a quick and inexpensive process for them in the terms of time

5. Binary Fission • Parent divides into halves after nucleus replicates • No parent remains daughter cells grow to normal size • Occurs in , , and 2 equal 2 bacteria protozoa algae

7. Budding • Parent organism divides into halves • Daughter cell forms from outgrowth or off parent • Buds may or remain attached and form a 2 unequal bud break off colony

8. Budding • Occurs in and hydra yeast

11. Sporulation (spore forming) • Production of many in a special spore producing structure ( ) • Spores are , specialized cells, containing and within a hard case • Occurs in , , and spores spore case microscopic nucleus cytoplasm molds mushrooms ferns

14. Regeneration • Ability to back missing parts • The more the organism, the it is to regenerate • Occurs in simple organisms such as and grow complex harder starfish flat worm

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18. Humans?

19. Vegetative Propagation piece • of a body of a multicellular organism gives rise to a organism • Common in - using stems, leaves, or roots • Can occur or new plants naturally artificially

20. Natural Vegetative Propagation • Bulb- • Corm- • Tuber- • Runner- • Rhizome- Short underground stem with stored food & fleshy leaves Ex. Onion, tulip Short underground stem with stored foodEx. Water chestnut Enlarged underground stem Ex. potato (stolon) horizontal stem with buds along ground’s surface Ex. strawberry Underground horizontal stem Ex. ginger

21. Tuber Runner Bulb Corm Rhizome

22. Artificial Vegetative Propagation part • Cutting- use of plant to reproduce (Ex. ) • Layering- stem is over and covered with  will root and form plant (Ex. ) • Grafting- stem or bud of one plant is to another plant (Ex. ) Spider plant soil bent new raspberry joined permanently Seedless fruit tree

23. scion stock Layering Grafting