Corporate Health and Safety ArcelorMittal

1. Confined Spacestraining Corporate Health and Safety ArcelorMittal March 4th , 2011

2. Summary 6.4) Toxic Atmospheres 6.5) Mostly common Gases in Confined Spaces 6.6) Lower Explosive Limit vs. Upper Explosive Limit 7) Atmosphere testing before entering 7.1) Testing instruments 8) Preparing for Entering a Confined Space 8.1) Ventilation 8.1.1 Ventilation forms 8.2) Isolation of Space 8.3) Standby Person 8.4) Rescue and Emergency 8.4.1) What are some emergency response precautions? 9) Personal Protection Equipments (PPE) 9.1) Maintenance of PPE 10) Is worker training important? 11) Potential Hazards Overview 1) Introduction 2) Definitions 3) Responsibilities 3.1) Permit Issuer 3.2) Permit Receiver 3.3) Responsible Officer 3.4) Managers and Supervisors 3.5) Safety Departments 3.6) Contractors 3.7) Authorised Entrant 3.8) Standby Person 4) Confined Space Entry Process 4.1) Additional for Man – Baskets 5) Confined Space Procedures 6) Atmosphere Conditions in and around Confined Spaces 6.1) Oxygen DEFICIENT Atmospheres 6.2) Oxygen ENRICHED Atmospheres 6.3) Flammable Atmospheres 6.3.1) Definitions

3. 1. Introduction Working in confined spaces presents a variety of hazards and increased risk of injury to those in the immediate area. The Occupational ArcelorMittal Health & Safety Regulation, establishes specific requirements for safe entry into confined spaces. This guideline details controls to be adopted for entry to or work in or around a confined space. This document is based on specific legislative requirements as contained ArcelorMittal Standard for Confined Spaces

4. Lazaro CardenasJan 2010Fatality Victim went to take an oil sample in the oil deposit of the hydraulic system of the Bischoff in Blast Furnace area. Apparently the cause of death was due to a non noticed gas presence (CO) in the area of the seal of the piston No.1. The victim decided not to use a breathing mask with air line and went alone without gases detector. • SaldhanaSept 2008Fatality As the flange was lifted from its position using a crane, a large quantity of CO rich gas escaped as a result of an unexpected opening of one of the isolating valves. This caused a sudden build-up of CO-gas in the immediate environment. The deceased and his colleagues at that point in time were positioned on the 5 meter level, next to the flange. Due to the amount of gas escaping in the vicinity of the 3 employees, the CO monitors used went into the alarm mode. The deceased together with his colleagues attempted to evacuate, but due to the intake of CO gas at the compressor, they inhaled CO via their independent air-line supply. 1.1 REX Build up of asphyxiate or toxic gas Sept 08 and Jan 10 CO – Gas Fatality

5. Nitrogen • VanderbijlparkApril 2008First aid A colleague noticed that the victim was losing consciousness after he had instructed him to insert the last bolt of the keeper plate for the limiting stopper. He himself also started to feel dizzy. Another colleague saw what was happening and grabbed the victim on his arm and removed him from the area. He immediately suspected that there was gas in the area even though their gas monitors had not given an alarm. He suspected that it could be nitrogen exposure. He had the nitrogen supply to the gearbox checked : it was noticed the nitrogen valve was still open. Methane • TenteskayaJune 2009Fatality The concentration of methane in the face was 0.4-0.5% and 0.45% in the return air; the conditions of the face was satisfactory. The concentration of methane in return air increased up to 0.7%. The operator of air and gas control informed the shift manager of this increase. Then there was a sharp increase of methane concentration. The stand-by auxiliary fan switched on automatically and its shutoff took place straight away. 1.1 REX Build up of asphyxiate or toxic gas April 08 and June 09 Nitrogen – Gas First Aid / Methane – Gas Fatality

6. VintonOctober 2010Fatality On Monday October 18, 2010 at about 2:30 a.m. the victim, an equipment operator with 4 years of seniority in this department, was helping the crew in startup preparations (it is routine to stop production at 11 pm Friday and start up Sunday night shift for the coming week operations, on 5 day working schedule). It is believed that he started lighting up of the tempering furnace. At this time, the assumption is that the victim had started the lighting process and during this process, the explosion occurred. Before this incident, gas was not detected (by smell) by the crew nor the supervisor of the shift. Immediately following the sound of the explosion, the work crew (operators and supervisor) initiated the emergency procedure, which included workforce count. The victim was found on the floor unconscious, adjacent to the furnace, with refractory material and furnace roof metal plates around him, suffering from a severe head-face trauma. 1.1 REX Explosive mixtures or zones of explosive atmospheres October 10 Fatality

7. TermitauDecember 2010Fatality A team consisting of 3 men was removing a hanging charge (cleaning of bunker). The victim was in a danger zone of possible charge coal collapse at the bottom of the bunker at the height of 3m and was staying on a metal ladder installed in the bunker (height of ladder – 12 m), he wore a harness and the too long lanyard he used was attached (fastened) to the harness. Two supervisors were on the upper platform of the bunker, they should ensure the safety of the victim. They fastened the lanyard to the top step of ladder . Since the safety lanyard attached to the harness of the victim was too long, when charge coke collapse happened (charge fell down from the bunker walls), the coke hit the victim who fell down on the bottom of the bunker and was covered with batch mixture (sanded-in), as a result he suffered fatal injury (asphyxia of respiratory tract). 1.1 REX Engulfment in confined space by collapsing material December 10 Fatality

8. Newcastle December 2009 Multiple Fatalities Three persons entered the vessel via the cat ladder with gas monitors on their person. On reaching a particular level the persons collapsed onto the platform. The gas monitors were seen to give an alarm by the operator on top of the furnace, and the persons collapsed almost simultaneously. Owing to the fact that one person’s leg was caught in the cat ladder, the platform could not be raised to evacuate the persons. A further two persons entered the vessel via the cat ladder in an attempt to rescue the persons on the platform; they too collapsed and fell beneath the platform. The cause was an oxygen deficiency due to apparent ingress of argon through the bottom stirring system due to an inadequate isolation of bottom stirring gas 1.1 REX Atmospheres not having safe level of oxygen, in particular due to presence of CO, CO2, Ar, N2 December 09 Fatality

9. Gent February 2011 Fatality In the evening the flexible hoses of the bottom stirring were reconnected, but the Nitrogen and Argon circuits were still under isolation, both protected with a block and bleed system. The operator took property of the isolation to guarantee that Nitrogen and Argon remained locked out. Later he started the work in the BOF together with his colleague to remove the scaffold. The work has been started without wearing a multi-gas meter as up till now in the investigation, they were not found yet. When trying to remove the first part of the work platform, The operator fell unconscious, while his colleague was out of the BOF. The first idea was not linked to gas risk and his colleague called in an AMG maintenance worker for help. With the elevator cage, he went down ( +/- 12 m) in the BOF, felt immediately the lack of oxygen and fell also unconscious. Local AMG workers linked now the accident with gas, and threw a compressed air hose in the BOF. The emergency services which had been called, came to the spot and evacuated both victims out of the BOF. They were able to reanimate the second victim. The reanimation attempts on the first worker however failed 1.1 REX Atmospheres not having safe level of oxygen, in particular due to presence of CO, CO2, Ar, N2 February 11 Fatality

10. 2. Definitions Confined space is any enclosed or partially enclosed space or spaces where movement is limited or physically restricted and that : • has limited or restricted means of entry or exit (sometimes needing a mechanical system)and • is large enough for a person to enter to perform tasks and • is not designed or configured for continuous occupancy or work and • may have at any time an atmosphere with potentially harmful contaminants, an unsafe level of oxygen, stored substances that may cause engulfment or where there is a risk of death or serious injury from hazardous substances or dangerous conditions and • present special hazards to workers, including risks of toxic or asphyxiant gas accumulation, fires, falls, flooding, and entrapment may be classified as permit-required confined spaces depending on the nature and severity of the hazard. It is not possible to provide a comprehensive exhaustive list of confined spaces. Some places may become confined spaces when work is carried out, or during their construction, fabrication or subsequent modification.

11. Confined spaces can be below or above ground. • Confined spaces can be found in almost any workplace. • A confined space, despite its name, is not necessarily small. • Confined spaces include, but are not limited to: • Storage tanks, silos or areas of storage, vats, hoppers, utility vaults, tanks, sewers, pipes, access shafts, truck or rail tank cars, aircraft wings, process vessels, boilers, pressure vessels, tank-like compartments that have only a manhole for entry, ceiling and floor spaces, spaces occupied by pipes and cables (considering galleries in particular). Ditches and trenches may also be a confined space when access or egress is limited • Open-topped spaces such as pits, or grease traps, or excavations more than 1.5 meters deep. • Pipes, pumps, sewers, shafts, ducts, drains, tunnels, cellars, spaces under equipments/installations, basements and similar structures. • BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) vessel, EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) vessel etc … since entry / exit is not easy and / or gas may be present

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13. Space large enough to enter and • Limited or Restricted entry or exit and • Not designed for continuous worker occupancy. NO Not a confined Space YES Confined Space Permit Required Confined Space Non Permit Required Confined Space Hazardous Atmosphere Or Engulfment Hazard YES NO Or Configuration Hazard Or Any other recognized serious hazard Categorizing Work Space In addition, it contains one or more of the following

14. Permit-required confined space • "Permit-required confined space (permit space)" means a confined space where one or more of following hazards are present; • The potential to contain a hazardous atmosphere (AM ST 012) • Not have a safe level of oxygen ( e.g. following a nitrogen purge) • The potential for engulfing the entrant • A configuration that might cause an entrant to be trapped or asphyxiated by inwardly converging walls or by a floor that slopes downward and tappers to a smaller cross section • Contains any other recognized serious safety or health hazards that can’t be eliminated and the confined space can’t be maintained in a condition safe to enter. In those cases the entry points must clearly indicate that a permit is required prior to entry. Non Permit-required confined space • “Non-permit confined space” means a confined space that doesn’t contain or, with respect to atmospheric hazards, doesn’t have the potential to contain any hazard capable of causing death or serious physical harm

15. 3. Responsibilities 3.1 Permit Issuer • Ensure that hazards associated with the confined space have been: • Identified • Assessed • Appropriate controls adopted. • Inform Permit Receiver: • The locations of the spaces and the potential hazards associated with the respective spaces • The requirement that only authorised, trained personnel may enter the spaces using the procedures outlined in these guidelines. • Ensure completion of entry permit is issued. • Ensure that all personnel involved in the work are properly trained to perform the required tasks.

16. 3.2 Permit Receiver • Adhere to the Entry Permit requirements. • Ensure the job is performed in a safe manner. • Inform Entrants and Standby Persons of the locations of the spaces, the potential hazards associated with the respective spaces, and the requirement that only authorised, trained personnel may enter the spaces using the procedures outlined in these guidelines. • Be aware of the hazards that could exist and have the necessary controls in place. • Satisfy themselves that they understand the requirements of the permit. • Be skilled, qualified trained and competent to perform this work. • Ensure that appropriate control measures are followed (e.g.: placement of locks and tags according to lock-out/tag-out procedures, ventilation if necessary). • Communicate entry permit requirements to any authorised entrant working in the space. • Make equipment and area safe performing above tasks.

17. 3.3 Responsible officer • Ensure that contractors engaged by ArcelorMittal are aware of any occupational health and safety hazards that may exist in the area in which they are working. • Ensure that contractors work safely and complete the work as specified in permits and other associated documents. • Ensure that prior entering a confined or a permit space, a risk assessment has been conducted. • Ensure that before an employee enters a permit space, the internal atmosphere has been tested with a calibrated direct-reading instrument in the following order: • Oxygen content (oxygen-deficient or oxygen-enriched atmospheres) • Flammable gases and vapors • Potential toxic air contaminants

18. 3.4 Managers and Supervisors • Supervisors must understand the work for which a permit has been sought and understand isolation and Lockout / Tagout ArcelorMittal procedures, • Ensure adequate protection is provided to the entrants by verifying adequate Lockout / Tagout and that all hazards are securely isolated. • Ensure that all personnel involved are aware of the hazards associated with the space. • Ensure that a permit is granted before work starts. • Ensure that the person(s) doing the work are appropriately qualified to do the work. • Ensure that all checks are undertaken to ensure that the permit was used correctly. • Ensure that rescue services informed and available as possible prior to entering. • Ensure appropriate persons are informed when a job is completed or suspended and that the permit is cancelled.

19. 3.5 Safety Departments • Provide technical guidance on the application of these guidelines. • Evaluate and update the permit to work guidelines at the review period or as procedures change. • Provide safety expertise and regulatory guidance to Permit Issuer. 3.6 Contractor • Comply with the requirements as detailed in these guidelines. • Ensure entry to a confined space is carried out under a work permit and in accordance with ArcelorMittal Safety Standard Confined Space. • Provide evidence of confined space training to permit issuer, authorised entrants, standby persons and supervisors. • Shall not enter a confined space without a granted ArcelorMittal confined space permit. • Prepare safe work procedures and/or risk assessments for confined space work prior to entering.

20. 3.7 Authorised Entrant • Assessed as competent to enter a confined space • Understand the potential entry hazards and be aware of signs and symptoms of hazardous environment exposure. • Ensure that appropriate control measures are followed (e.g.: placement of locks and tags according to lock-out/tag-out procedures, ventilation if necessary). • Ensure that there exist defined criteria to determinate if periodic re-testing is necessary depending on operations and conditions in and around the permit space. • Maintain communication with the Standby Person at all times. • Evacuate the space immediately upon an emergency, a gas detector alarm occurs or notification by the Standby Person. • Alert the Standby Person and exit the space immediately whenever: • a warning sign or symptom of exposure to a dangerous situation is recognized • a prohibited condition is identified • an evacuation alarm is activated. • Follow the requirements as stipulated on the confined space entry permit

21. 3.8 Standby Person • Remain outside the Confined Space at all times or until relieved by another Standby Person. Activities that may interfere with these duties are prohibited. • Observe the work conditions in the confined space • Monitor entrants during the job and during entry & exit to help insure their safety. • The attendant may not abandon his post for any reason while personnel is in the space unless relieved by another qualified attendant. • Control if entrants properly use/worn their PPE • Monitor continuously atmospheric conditions in the space prior to and during work (if needed). • Control if the ventilation system is running well (if needed) • Control access to the confined space. • Assess hazards in and around the space, and take measures if needed. • Keep records related to the confined space work, such as air test results, personnel entry/exit, etc… • Maintain continuous communication with the Authorised Entrants so as to be aware of any problems, which may occur. • Initiate emergency procedures, including rescue procedures, if necessary. • Stop the job & evacuate the people if any non conformity (internal or external) is detected

22. 4. Confined Space Entry Process Prior to entry of a confined space Own personnel or Contractor personnel are required to: • Realise a new/own HIRA and compare it with the existent one. • Complete a confined space entry permit (in accordance with ArcelorMittal Standard if needed) • Obtain a ArcelorMittal permit for confined space entry (if needed) • Verify that all personnel involved in confined space entry are aware and understand their responsibilities • Verify that personnel are trained in accordance with requirements of confined spaces • Provide the necessary safety equipment, supplies and monitoring equipment to their personnel. Key items include atmospheric monitoring devices, barricades to isolate work area, communication devices for the entrant and stand-by persons and adequate lighting. • Wear all PPE’s, safety harnesses‘ and other devices requested by the approved risk assessment.

23. 4.1 Permit system • The permitting process must include the following elements: • A Risk Analysis, including the need for a competent person to assess such risks as oxygen or contaminants levels, temperature extremes, and concentrations of flammable substances • Isolation procedures for contaminants and other energy sources • Need for ventilation, the requirement for breathing apparatus • The sign-in and sign-out of all persons entering the confined space; internal lighting and signalling • Emergency lights, auxiliary lights • Atmospheric protection conditions; • Display of the permit • Communication equipment • Safety specification of equipment to be taken into the confined space • Barricading (isolated the work area) • Rescue plan and equipment • Standby person • All the work procedures. • Modification possibilities: • If a new hazard is recognized or introduced during the course of work, then the permit must be modified and revalidated The Risk Analysis may require that people working in confined spaces wear a safety harness, connected with a cable or cord extending outside the confined space, allowing easy evacuation in case of emergency

24. 5. Confined Space Procedures The internal site procedure must refer to the Law and the ArcelorMittal Standard ST 002 and ST 012 • An identification register of all existing Confined Spaces and Restricted Areas on site • A risk assessment must be performed prior to any work occurring in the confined space. • Different confined space entry permits are required for entry into a space, depending on the type of work being conducted such as cold or hot work. • Isolation of all potentially Hazardous Services prior to entry into the confined space hazardous services that are normally connected to the confined space must be isolated or otherwise controlled. • Air monitoring must be performed prior to entry into the confined space. If work stops for a period of more than 1 hour and the confined space has not been occupied for this period a new gas test will be required. • Prior to entry, the confined space must be cleared of all contaminants (purging) • An emergency plan should be documented and communicated to all persons working in or around the confined space • Any person required to issue/receive permits or work in or around a confined space must be appropriately trained and assessed as competent prior to undertaking these activities.

25. Impaired judgement and breathing 16 % Minimum for Safe Entry 19.5 % Oxygen enriched, extreme fire hazard > 22.5 % Faulty judgement, rapid, fatigue 14 % Maximum for Safe Entry 22.5 % Difficult breathing, death in minutes 6 % 6. Atmosphere Conditions in and around Confined Spaces The below pictures shows different ranges of Oxygen in the Air. To work in safe conditions in the confined space the oxygen level must be between (19,5 – 22,5) % Oxygen deficient atmosphere starts from < 19,5 % Oxygen enriched atmosphere starts from > 22,5 % In both cases entry into confined spaces is prohibited

26. 6.1 Oxygen DEFICIENT Atmospheres Oxygen Deficiency Can Be Caused by CONSUMPTION • “Hot work” (welding) • Breathing • Chemical reactions (ex. Oxidation of chemicals or metal) • Biological action (ex. Decomposing organic matter) 19.5 % Minimum acceptable oxygen level. 15 - 19% Decreased ability to work strenuously. Impair coordination. Early symptoms. 12 - 14% Respiration increases. Poor judgment. 10 - 12% Respiration increases. Lips blue. 8 - 10% Mental failure. Fainting. Nausea Unconsciousness. Vomiting. 6 - 8% 8 minutes  fatal, 6 minutes  50% fatal 4 - 5 minutes  possible recovery. 4 - 6% Coma in 40 seconds  Death

27. 6.1 Oxygen DEFICIENT Atmospheres Oxygen Deficiency Can Be Caused byDISPLACEMENT Not having a safe level of oxygen, in particular due to presence of: • Argon (Ar) • Nitrogen (N2) (e.g. following nitrogen purge). • Helium (He) • Carbon monoxide (Co) • Carbon Dioxide (Co2) • Bacterial actions (fermentation process) • Formation of rust on the surface of the confined space (iron oxide/ corrosion) • Consumption of air by the amount of people working in a confined space • Cleaning agents, adhesives, or • Other chemicals

28. Cellar Leak of oxygen 6.2 Oxygen ENRICHED Atmospheres • Oxygen level above 22.5%. • Causes flammable and combustible materials to burn violently when ignited. • Hair, clothing, materials, etc. • Oil soaked clothing and materials. • Never use pure oxygen to ventilate. • Never store or place compressed tanks in a confined space. LiegeFeb 2008Fatality • The two victims went out to the cellar to carry out a simple work. Suddenly, the atmosphere was kindled and the fire took the two people. One died directly, the other died at hospital. The origin of the accident was a very high concentration of oxygen due to a leak in an oxygen pipe that was buried outside the building.

29. 6.3 Flammable Atmospheres • 2 Critical Factors: • Oxygen content in the air. • Presence of a flammable gas, or vapor • Presence of dust (visibility of 5 inches/ 12 cm or less) • Proper air/gas mixture can lead to explosion • Typical ignition Sources: • Sparking or electric tool. • Welding / cutting operations. • Smoking

30. 6.3.1 Definitions TLV-STEL and TVL-TWA • The threshold limit value (TLV) of a chemical substance is a level to which it is believed a worker can be exposed day after day for a working lifetime without adverse health effects. • The TLV for chemical substances is defined as a concentration in air, typically for inhalation or skin exposure. Its units are in parts per million (ppm) for gases and in milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m³) for particulates such as dust, smoke and mist. • Threshold limit value – Short-term exposure limit (TLV-STEL) : spot exposure for a given substance in the air of the workplace, to which the worker may be exposed for a short time (duration of 15 minutes, that cannot be repeated more than 4 times per day) • Threshold limit value –Time weight average (TLV-TWA) : indicates the average concentration in air of workstations in a given pollutant that, given the current state of knowledge, does not endanger the health of the vast majority of healthy workers exposed to them, and this for a duration of 42 hours per week, a rate of 8 hours per day, for long periods. The pollutant in question may be in the form of gas, vapor or dust • The TLV-TWAmust always be respected

31. 6.4 Toxic Atmospheres • Stored Products Source: • Gases released when cleaning. (e.g.: purging by Argon (Ar)) • Materials absorbed into walls of confined space. • Decomposition of materials in the confined space. • Source by work performed: • Welding, cutting, brazing, soldering. • Painting, stripping, scraping, sanding, degreasing. • Sealing, bonding, melting. • Areas adjacent to a confined space: venting or entering into space

32. 6.5 Mostly common Gases in Confined Spaces and Gas Hazard Atmospheres 6.5.1 Carbon Monoxide (CO) • Colorless chemical asphxiant / odorless gas / flammable gas / Deadly! • Quickly collapse at high concentrations • Slightly lighter than air • Primary source: • incomplete combustion of organic material • Gasoline-fueled combustion engines • …. • Signs/Symptoms: • Confusion. Dizziness. Headache. Nausea. • Unconsciousness. Weakness. Possible human effects if you are trapped in Carbon Monoxide atmosphere with this different high exposure levels PPM Effect Time 35 Permissible Exposure Level 8 hours 200 Slight headache, discomfort 2 - 3 hours 400 Headache and nausea 1 - 2 hours 800 Headache, dizziness, nausea 45 min. 1 600 Headache, dizziness, nausea 20 min. 3 200 Headache and dizziness 5 - 10 min. 6 400 Headache and dizziness 1 - 2 min.

33. 6.5.2 Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) • Colorless / Very strong asphyxiant with rotten egg odor / flammable gas / Deadly! • Odor threshold: 0.02-0.2 ppm • Heavier than air • possibly no warning at high concentrations • Primary source: • incomplete combustion by-product of the decomposition of organic matter / 4 times • … • Signs/Symptoms: • Strong odor BUT Fatigues your senses . • Very high concentrations lead to cardio respiratory arrest because of brainstem toxicity. • Affect nervous system Possible human effects if you are trapped in Hydrogen Sulfide atmosphere with this different high exposure levels PPM Effect Time 10 Permissible Exposure Level 8 hours 50 - 100 Mild Irritation - eyes, throat 1 hour 100 Desensitizes olfactory nerve 2 - 5 min. 250 - 350 Unconsciousness, death 4 - 8 hrs. 500 -600 Unconsciousness, death 30 - 60 min. >1000 Unconsciousness, death minutes

34. 6.5.3 Methane (CH4) • Colorless/odorless flammable gas, or scented • Natural gas, swamp gas. • Primary source: • Due to gas leak or organic decay • LEL = 5%; UEL = 15%

35. 6.5.4 Argon (Ar) • Colorless / odorless, non-flammable gas and tasteless mixture, it is the most abundant of the noble gases on Earth and the one most used in industry • Heavier than air. • Primary source: • Purging of confined spaces • Firefighting in electrical or computer rooms • BOF (Basic Oxygen Furnace) vessel, • EAF (Electric Arc Furnace) vessel • The main health hazard associated with releases of this gas mixture is asphyxiation by displacement of oxygen

36. Too rich UEL Flammable Region LEL Concentration in Air Too lean Flash Point 10% LEL Temperature 6.6 Lower Explosive Limit vs. Upper Explosive Limit Definitions: Lowest concentration (percentage) of a gas or vapour in air capable of producing a flash of fire in presence of an ignition source ( arc, flame, heat). Concentrations lower than Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) [ Lower Flammable Limit (LFL)] are 'too lean' to burn. Concentrations lower than Upper Explosive Limit (UEL) [ Upper Flammable Limit (UFL)] are 'too rich' to burn. Important to point out where 10% LEL is in relation to LEL.

37. Methane example Air 100% Air 0% Too Lean Too Rich Boom! Methane 100% Methane 0% 5.3% LFL 15.0% UFL Why is 10% used? • The combustible gas detection instrument measures % LEL, not Actual % gas in air. Depending on calibration gas used, some gases will give a much lower LEL reading than the actual LEL concentration. • Their is a very small percentage difference at 10%. For this reason, 10% LEL should be used as the max LEL concentration for worker entry. It’s always a good idea to keep the fire and/or explosion triangle in mind.

38. 6.6 Lower Explosive Limit vs. Upper Explosive Limit • Before a person enters a confined space, it shall be ensured; • the concentration of flammable contaminant in the atmosphere is below 5 % of its LEL • Entry shall not occur to a confined space when flammable contaminants are greater than or equal to 5% LEL • Where a concentration of flammable contaminant is found to be more than 5% and less than 10% of its LEL, all persons must leave the confined space unless a continuous monitoring, suitably calibrated flammable contaminant detector is used in the confined space at all times while persons are present in it. • Where a concentration of flammable contaminant in the atmosphere of a confined space is found to be 10% of its LEL or more, all persons must leave the confined space.

39. 7. Atmosphere testing before entering • Air monitoring is required to be performed prior to entry into the confined space to ensure that the atmosphere is safe prior to entry. • If work stops for a period of more than 1 hour and the confined space has not been occupied for this period a new gas test will be required. • After ventilation period (if ventilation is necessary); • Initial testing should be carried out by a “Competent person” who will issue a certificate stating whether the space is ‘safe for man’ and/or work, and if any special conditions are to be observed. • In no case should the operator / worker is considered to be a “Competent Person” – even if he is equipped with his own personal testing equipment. • Ventilation should be stopped about 10 minutes before tests are made and not restarted until the tests are completed.

40. 7. Atmosphere testing before entering • The testing should be carried out in the following sequence • Oxygen-deficient or -enriched atmospheres • Flammable atmospheres • Toxic atmospheres when considered necessary • To evaluate the measurements taken, the following limit values should be used. • Continuously monitoring is required for the whole work period

41. Top of vessel Good Air • Good Air Good air near the opening does NOT mean there is good air at the bottom ! Middle of vessel Poor Air • Poor Air Deadly Air • Deadly Air Bottom of vessel Always test the air at VARIOUS levels to be sure that the entire workspace is safe This constellation is NOT all the time given (see example next page)

42. See some examples of Specific Gravity ( kg/m3) of Gases.

43. 7.1. Testing instruments Warns Against Hazardous Gas Concentrations • The device reliably warns against hazardous concentrations of the following: carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen sulphide (H2S), oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2), chlorine (Cl2), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), ammonia (NH3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitrogen monoxide (NO), phosphine (PH3) and organic vapours. The examples shown in the next slides are just 2 of many other existing atmosphere testing devices on the market. Fill free to make your own choice ! Examples of single gas detector(s):

44. Examples of single gas detector(s): Warns Against Hazardous Gas Concentrations • The device reliably warns against hazardous concentrations of the following: Carbon Monoxide (CO), Oxygen (O2) .

45. Examples of single gas detector(s): Warns Against Hazardous Gas Concentrations • These Hands Free Single Gas Monitor can detect Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), or Oxygen (O2) gases.

46. Examples of multi gas detector: Warns Against Hazardous Gas Concentrations • The device reliably warns against hazardous concentrations of the following by changing the sensors: • Ammonia (NH3), Arsine (ASH3), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Chlorine (Cl2), Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S), Phosphine (PH3), and Sulphur Dioxide (SO2). Special Accessories for this detector • Its unique extender cable allows the sensor to be attached to the end of a 10 foot (+/- 3 m) cable for remote monitoring and quick response.

47. Examples of 4 gas detectors: Warns Against Hazardous Gas Concentrations • The 1 to 4 gas detector reliably detects combustible gases and vapours as well as O2, CO and H2S. • The very compact design - no larger than a mobile phone - and low weight make the device the ideal companion in your daily work. Special Accessories for this detector • An external pump, which can be operated with a hose of a length of up to 20 m, is the perfect solution for remote measurement applications as of tanks, shafts, etc. • Attention : By using external pumps to extract the gas from tanks it takes a several time to measure the correct gases.

48. Examples of 4 gas detectors: Four Gas Confined Space Monitor • The 1 to 4 gas detector reliably detects simultaneous detection of 4 gases, LEL, O2, H2S & CO • The very compact design - no larger than a mobile phone - and low weight make the device the ideal companion in your daily work. Special Accessories for this detector • An external pump, which can be operated with a hose of a length of up to 20 m, is the perfect solution for remote measurement applications as of tanks, shafts, etc.

49. 8. Preparing for Entering a Confined Space Example of controlling a Confined Space (1) Before entering in Confined Space, it is mandatory, to control this space with a gas detector. If the cave is too deep, wide,…, a special devices, as an adapted stick, rod, is to use to control the atmosphere .

50. Example of controlling a Confined Space (2) How using the adapted stick: Use a adapted stick, fixe the 4 gas detector on it, hold it at mini. 20 seconds into the confined space, take it of, read the result and repeat the test in the 4 directions (up, down, left or right and depth)