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Essay Plans

Essay Plans. Italy 2586. Cavour vs Garibaldi. Cavour Initially only interested in expanding Piedmont Helped to modernise Piedmont & make her focus for unity Diplomatic skills brought in Napoleon III Invasion of Papal States crucial. Cavour vs Garibaldi. Garibaldi

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Essay Plans

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  1. Essay Plans Italy 2586

  2. Cavour vs Garibaldi Cavour • Initially only interested in expanding Piedmont • Helped to modernise Piedmont & make her focus for unity • Diplomatic skills brought in Napoleon III • Invasion of Papal States crucial

  3. Cavour vs Garibaldi Garibaldi • Prominent in defence of Rome (1849) • Mazzinian- believed in free Italy • Hugely popular – showed Italians could change their destiny • Actions forced others eg Cavour to act • Genuine hero and patriot

  4. Limited view of Italy Diplomat who worked hard to gain international support Feared that Garibaldi’s actions might lead to war Quick thinking prevented French intervention Whole of Italy united Patriot who gathered popular support him around him Despised Cavour & parliamentary rule Campaign in south enlarged ‘Italy’ Cavour vs Garibaldi

  5. Conclusion • Tempting to decide one more important than the other • Certainly no love lost between the two! • Better to see them as 2 parts of a jigsaw • Cavour drove out the Austrians (with French help) • Garibaldi helped Italians to complete Italy

  6. Italian Govt & problems 1861-70 • New state was really enlarged Piedmont • First problem was to reconcile its customs to large areas of Italy which regarded it as alien • Some regions like Lombardy had large amount of independence under Austria • Rome & Venice outside Italy in 1861

  7. Successes • Constitution, admin system and weights & measures imposed on whole country • Garibaldi presented problem with attempts to take Rome – thwarted • Venice and Rome both became part of the Italian state by 1870

  8. ‘Failures’ • New government had real problems in the South – resulting in the Brigands War • Imposition of Piedmontese law delayed in Tuscany • Acquisition of Venice and Rome owed much to work of foreign powers • Relationships between the new state and the Papacy remained poor for next 40 years

  9. Lack of support as main reason for failure 1830-49? • Certainly lack of support was key issue • Groups like Carbonari attracted small numbers • No appeal made by Mazzini etc to the rural or urban masses • Attempts at revolutions in early 1830s easily suppressed • Risings in 1848-9 took longer to deal with

  10. Other factors (1) Poor leadership • Carbonari leadership lacked military experience/organisational skills • Little attempt made to co-ordinate risings to cause maximum impact • Risings very parochial – limited to specific areas – no big vision • Charles Albert wasted good opportunity

  11. Other factors (2) Divided support • There were different solutions to problem • Mazzini – united, republican Italy • Piedmont’s rulers – expansion in north • Gioberti – federation of states under the Pope • Class divisions (seen in 1848-9)

  12. Other factors (3) Foreign Intervention • Austrians gave help to suppress risings in 1830s • Defeated Charles Albert in 1849 • Helped King of Naples to regain power • French defeated Roman Republic • Role of Pius IX?

  13. Did France help or hinder 1848-70? Help • 1858 Compact of Plombieres • Fought against Austrians 1859 • Gained Lombardy • Had made first major breech in Austrian control in the North • Later supported union of Northern Italy under Piedmont

  14. France – help or hindrance? • Intervention of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte in 1849 meant end of Roman Republic • Continuing presence of French garrison in Rome caused problems • Truce of Villafranca caused serious damage to Cavour’s plans to take over Venetia • Napoleon III tried to prevent Garibaldi’s progress

  15. To what extent was Austria the main obstacle to the creation of a united Italy 1830-49? • Level of Austrian control in 1830 – Lombardy & Venetia, 3 Duchies • Military alliance with Kingdom of 2 Sicilies • Close links with the Papacy • Austrian military action crushed revolts in the 1830s & during 1848-9 • Defeated Charles Albert 1849

  16. Other factors (1) • Poor leadership • Charles Albert • Not a good soldier • Reluctant to accept help from revolutionaries • Delayed attack on Radetsky till too late • Was only interested in expanding Kingdom

  17. Other factors (2) b) Mazzini • Had clear vision of united, free, Republican Italy • No practical military/planning experience • All his attempts at risings failed • Peak was in 1849 – Roman Republic • Alienated both middle and peasant classes

  18. Other factors (3) • The Papacy • Election of Pius IX & early reforms excited Nationalists & worried Metternich • Hopes were dashed as Pope was neither a nationalist nor a liberal • Allocution of 1849 seriously weakened nationalist movement

  19. Other factors (4) Low level of support • No attempt made to enlist support from peasants • Support split between different solutions Localism Ideological splits French intervention against Roman Republic

  20. Conclusion • Clearly Austria was a major obstacle • Even Piedmont not strong enough to overcome her power & influence • Equally important was the lack of popular support • And little or no agreement over policy or co-ordination of action

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