English language 2

1. Lessons 7 - 8 English language 2

2. 7 - Output Devices: Display screens • CRTs and LCDs • monitor (VDU - visual display unit) • video card • Types of display • Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) • electron guns for each primary colour • phospors • Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) • active-matrix LCDs - TFT (thin film transistor)

3. 7 - Output Devices: Display screens • CRTs and LCDs • screen size - diagonally • Resolution • pixels • dot pitch • brightness • colour depth • refresh rate • Hertz (Hz)

4. 7 - Output Devices: Display screens • Big screens: plasma and projection TVs • front screen projector • digital light processing • home cinema • rear projection • plasma display

5. 8 - Processing • The processor • CPU (central processing unit) • chip • electrical circuit - integrated circuit • resolution (dpi) • Typical parts of a CPU: • control unit • arithmetic and logic unit (ALU) • registers

6. 8 - Processing • The processor • gigahertz (GHz) • motherboard • CPU • memory chips • expansion slots • controllers for peripherals • buses • front side bus • expansion slots - expansion cards

7. 8 - Processing • RAM and ROM • RAM (random access memory) • ROM (read only memory) • BIOS (basic input/output system) • Units of Memory • binary digit/bit • byte • kilobyte • megabyte • gigabyte • terabyte

8. Modal Verbs • shall in questions: • We often use Shall I...? or Shall we...? when we are asking or suggesting what to do. Shall I put the lights on? Where shall we meet tomorrow? Shall we go and see him? • We can use Shall I...? to offer politely to do the things for people. Shell I take your coat? Shell I make you some coffee?

9. Modal Verbs • had better: • I/you/he/we/they had better (‘d better) do this means “This is a good thing to do now.” It is used to talk about thepresent, not the past. I had better not stay any longer, it is late. • We use both should and had better to say “This is a good thing to do now.” We are late now. We had better call a taxi./We should call a taxi. • We use should, but not had better to say “This is a good thing to do in general.” You should always drive carefully near schools. • We do not use You had better ... to ask people politely to do things, and it is not used when talking to customers, bosses or teachers.

10. Modal Verbs • used to: • We use used to + infinitive for finished habits and situations: things that were true, but are not now. Used to is not really a modal: we make questions and negatives with did. I used to play the piano, but I stopped. Where did you use to live before you came here? I did not use to like fish, but now I do. • To talk about present habits and situations, we use the present simple tense, not use to I play a lot of tennis. I use to play a lot of tennis.

11. Modal Verbs • would: • We often use would in the expression I would like... (i’d like...) to ask for things. I would like a cup of coffee. • We can offer things with would you like...? Would you like a drink? • We use would like to talk about things that people want to do. I would like to be a pilot. • Would you like to...? is often used in invitations. Would you like to come to the party with us?

12. Modal Verbs • perfect modal verbs: • If somebody did not do something that was important, we can say that he/she should have done it. She should have gone to the rehearsal yesterday, but she forgot. I should have studied harder when I was at the faculty. Should I have practiced more? Yes, you should, but it is too late. • If somebody did something wrong, we can say he/she should not (shouldn’t) have done it. You should not have insulted the policeman. She should not have caused the accident.

13. Modal Verbs • perfect modal verbs: • If somebody did not do something that was possible, we can say that he/she could have done it. I could have gone to the university, but i did not want to. I could have prepared this exam. but I did not, so I failed. • If we say that something may have happened, we mean that (perhaps) it (has) happened. She is not answering the phone. Sha may have gone out. • If we say that something must have happened, we mean that we feel sure that it (has) happened. He is coming back, walking very slowly. He must have hurt his leg.

14. Questions?