BIRTHING Biomedical IDEAS FROM SPARK TO FIRE

1. BIRTHING Biomedical IDEAS FROM SPARK TO FIRE Professor M. K. C. Sridhar Department of Environmental Health Sciences Renewable Resources Centre Faculty of Public Health University of Ibadan, Ibadan Phone: 08037273836 Email: mkcsridhar@gmail.com

3. Research: ‘Good, Bad and the Ugly’ • Good research is research that is properly done, and published regardless of the outcome. • Bad research, while honestly performed, is set up with a faulty proposition, has an inadequate protocol, does not test the hypothesis, or is generally technically poor and does not scientifically eliminate variables and bias, but—it is honest research. • Ugly research is fraudulent research, regardless of the protocol; the results are partially or totally fabricated, usually for selfish motives. Generally, ugly research has no experimentation, no clinical materials, and no valid results.

4. Be Smart in Research! S-- specificM-- measurableA-- attainableR-- relevantT--time - bound

5. Evolution of BioMEdical engineering • Biomedical engineering can be said to have originated some thousands of years ago, e.g. procedures like amputations and limb fitting were successfully carried out in ancient times. • The origins of modern biomedical engineering are often linked to the pioneering electrophysiology studies of Galvani and Volta more than 200 years ago. • World wars made biomedical engineering emerge visibly with laboratory researches in biophysics and biomedical engineering. • By the 1930s, x-ray visualization of practically all the organ systems of the body was possible by the use of barium salts and a wide variety of radiopaque materials . • Emerging interests in the health effects of ionizing radiation between World Wars I and II laid the groundwork for current radiation therapy. • Formal associations in biomedical engineering started in Germany in 1943 while the first conference in biomedical engineering probably held in New York, United States of America.

6. Significant milestones • Discovery of the X-Ray using gas discharge tubes by Conrad Roentgen in 1895; • Discovery of the electrocardiogram (ECG) by William Eindhoven in 1903; • Discovery of the electroencephalogram (EEG) by Hans Berger in 1929; • Cardiac catheterization in 1940’s; • Invention of electron microscope in 1950’s; • Biomedical engineering effectively evolved as a distinct profession in the late 1950s, when Biomedical Engineering professional societies came together to address issues affecting them as professionals. • Formation of the International Federation for Medical and Biological Engineering (IFMBE) in 1959 in France • Discovery of Nuclear Medicine in the 1950’s-1960’s; • The invention of Computed Tomography (CT) and • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) systems in 1970’s.

7. milestones • Nigerian Institute for Biomedical Engineering (NIBE) was established in 1999; • In 2003, NIBE was admitted as the 50th member of IFMBE

8. Entrepreneurship is no longer just a business term anymore; it’s a way of life. You don’t need to be an entrepreneur to be entrepreneurial.

9. Nigerian scenario- from within and outside “The experiences in Nigerian hospitals, particularly in remote communities, have shown that health facilities are not only badly managed; they are not properly maintained even as medical technicians and engineers needed to fix medical equipment are simply unavailable”. “Hospital warehouses are full of abandoned and rusting equipment and frustrated workers with stories of equipment failure”. Miss OlumurejiwaFatunde, London School of Economics and Political Science, UK “….. 40–60% of medical equipment in the developing world is unserviceable and that there is a serious shortage of resources and trained personnel.” ……………WHO “Nigeria needs to follow the global trend of investing in biomedical engineering as a way of ensuring improved healthcare delivery and providing abundant job opportunities”. ………………Dr. Ephraim Nwoye, LUTH

10. Identified problems and way forward • Poverty and funding • Lack of manpower training • Most of the technical personnel are mere technicians and not Engineers • Lack of University programmes in this specialty, at postgraduate and other levels; lack of biomedical engineering education • Lack of approved standards and regulatory bodies • specifying guidelines and structures of typical set of courses or continuing education that can be taught via e-learning and/or “train the trainers” as a process of capacity-building setting guidelines for registration/certification of BMET and biomedical/clinical engineers

11. Indigenous technologies- Their fate “Imported operating table costs about N5 million today and back then in 1983, I didn’t have the required N75, 000 to procure one because my clients are core rural dwellers but I fabricated one on my own using the jack of a car at the cost of N500.00 and it serves the same purpose. I also designed locally made autoclave, normal saline, and in conjunction with my son, who studied Electrical/ Electronics Engineering, we were able to produce a 3KVA inverter, solar power and coal heating furnace to generate power, among others,” …….. DrAwojobi, Eruwa

12. University College Hospital - Incinerators for Biomedical Wastes Preference of imported technologies failed

13. This trend has to change

14. 1. MODELING AND SIMULATION OF BIOMEDICAL SYSTEMS • MATHEMATICAL MODELING • COMPARTMENTAL MODELS • ELECTRICAL ANALOG MODELS • MODELS WITH MEMORY AND MODELS WITH TIME DELAY • ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODELS • MECHANICAL MODELS • MODEL VALIDATION • 2. BIOHEAT TRANSFER • INTRODUCTION • FUNDAMENTAL ASPECTS OF BIOHEAT TRANSFER • BIOHEAT TRANSFER MODELING • TEMPERATURE, THERMAL PROPERTY, AND BLOOD FLOW MEASUREMENTS • HYPERTHERMIA TREATMENT FOR CANCERS AND TUMORS • 3. PHYSICAL AND FLOW PROPERTIES OF BLOOD • PHYSIOLOGY OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BLOOD • BLOOD FLOW IN ARTERIES • BLOOD FLOW IN VEINS • BLOOD FLOW IN THE MICROCIRCULATION • BLOOD FLOW IN THE HEART • ANALOG MODELS OF BLOOD FLOW • ACKNOWLEDGMENT • 4. RESPIRATORY MECHANICS AND GAS EXCHANGE • ANATOMY • MECHANICS OF BREATHING • VENTILATION • ELASTICITY • VENTILATION, PERFUSION, AND LIMITS • AIRWAY FLOW, DYNAMICS, AND STABILITY • 5. BIOMECHANICS OF HUMAN MOVEMENT • WHY STUDY HUMAN MOVEMENT? • FORWARD VERSUS INVERSE DYNAMICS • TOOLS FOR MEASURING HUMAN MOVEMENT • ANALYSIS OF HUMAN MOTION: AN INVERSE DYNAMICS APPROACH • CONCLUDING REMARKS • 100s More ……… listed

15. ideas • An idea is a concept or mental impression. Very often, ideas are construed as representational images; i.e. images of some object. In other contexts, ideas are taken to be concepts. • The key to every man is his thought…. He can only be reformed by showing him a new idea which commands his own. • Creative ideas do not spring from groups. They spring from individuals. Imagine-Could Hamlet have been written by a committee, or the Mona Lisa painted by a club? Could the New Testament have been composed as a conference report? • remember the idea, not the man, because a man can fail. He can be caught, he can be killed and forgotten, but 400 years later, an idea can still change the world. I've witnessed first hand the power of ideas. I've seen people kill in the name of them, and die defending them … but you cannot kiss an idea, cannot touch it, or hold it … ideas do not bleed, they do not feel pain, they do not love… And it is not an idea that I miss, it is a man.

16. ideas • "No grand idea was ever born in a conference, but a lot of foolish ideas have died there." - F. Scott Fitzgerald • "Nearly every man who develops an idea works it up to the point where it looks impossible, and then he gets discouraged. That's not the place to become discouraged." - Thomas Edison

17. Books won't stay banned. They won't burn. Ideas won't go to jail. In the long run of history, the censor and the inquisitor have always lost. The only sure weapon against bad ideas is better ideas. • Ideas are important, but they're not essential. What's essential and important is the execution of the idea. Everyone has had the experience of seeing a movie and saying, "Hey! That was my idea!" Well, it doesn't mean anything that you had that idea. There's no such thing as an original concept. What's original is the way you re-use ancient concepts. • The idea is like grass. It craves light, likes crowds, thrives on crossbreeding, grows better for being stepped on.

18. If you have a great idea, what should you do with it? How can you overcome the barriers, accelerate it and turn it into something that really works? • There are more opportunities now, than at any other point in time, for you to make something of your ideas. Funding businesses, releasing albums, travelling the world – these actions used to be reserved for a very select few.

19. Characteristics of ideas "New ideas pass through three periods: • It can't be done; • 2) It probably can be done, but it's not worth doing; • 3) I knew it was a good idea all along!" - Arthur C. Clarke

20. Tips for good ideas • Power tip #1: Think about simplicity and practicality. A great idea ultimately solves a human centred problem with relevance and ease. So embrace your own needs and trust in your perspective. • Power tip #2: Collaboration is not only the crafter of a great idea, it’s also the filter of a bad one. Spark collaboration in your idea generation process and you’ll fast track that into something tangible and actionable. • Thomas A. Edison once said “I have not failed. I’ve just found 10,000 ways that don’t work”. Power tip #3: Look at testing your idea also as a platform to come up with new ideas. As you refine one, be sure not to get too side-tracked. Know when you have a great single-minded idea and when you have something completely different.

21. Technological revolution 10. Organ transplants - In 1954 9. Robots and artificial intelligence- 1920 8. Electronic funds transfer- 1972 7. Nuclear power – 1956 6. Mobile phones – 1947 5. Space flight – 1960s 4. Personal computers- 1947 3. Digital media – 1990 2. Genetic engineering – 1973 1. The Internet -

22. What do you do with the Idea?Idea to Reality • Any idea can be a great idea, if you think differently, dream big, and commit to seeing it realized... Failure rate is also high 90%. • Timing is everything. • Competition may affect. • Share your idea-Friends and family are typically the first people; You’ll test an idea with loved ones in order to gauge if it could be a success... • I to Idea-- the internet is our fast-track vehicle to success... • The power of Youtube! Google Science Fair! • Make your idea fly! International

23. Ideas- barriers that prevent realities • A lack of funding, self-belief and free time are the top three things that stop people turning their ideas into reality, • How far can you take an idea on your own? You need people to help. • Today, ‘fast-growth’, ‘disruptive’ and ‘innovative’ are the buzzwords- CREATE IDEAS ENVIRONMENT. • Start “IDEAS NIGERIA” – and join.

24. Ideas - the seed of achiement • From Alexander the Great to Napoleon, • Plato to Spinoza, • IssacNewton to Albert Einstein and • Henry Ford to Steve Jobs…

25. Never ignore your best ideas • Great ideas are the beginning of change and you should ALWAYS work on the best ones, because you may never know where they will lead you.

26. 12 Things that shapes idea into reality • Believe in yourself • Create your own advisors • Embrace RISK as your best friend • Be extremely patient • Learn how to sell your vision. • Connect the dots along the way • Be passionate with your pursuit • Be purposeful • Focus on building momentum • Always make the idea better • Make work/Life balance priortity • Build a legacy around your idea

27. Biogas and Energy from Farm Wastes, UI

28. Go for Smokeless Charcoal (weeds and Agro-forestry wastes) (Sridhar and Hammed, 2013)

29. Renewable Resources Centre-UI A Joint Venture between Department of Environmental Health Sciences and Teaching and Research Farm, University of Ibadan

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32. Refrigerated Incubator For BOD; Temperature adjustable Patent: MynepalliK. C. Sridhar and TaiwoB. Hammed (2014)

33. Sharps CrusherPatent: AkintundeCharles, M.K.C. Sridhar, A.O Coker and T B. Hammed (2016) a b

34. Phototherapy Lamp Patent: Professor M K C Sridhar and Hammed B. Taiwo(2017)

35. Solar DistillerProfessor M K C Sridhar, Dr. Hammed B. Taiwo, Mr O. Morakinyo (Advanced stage for patent) Several components were introduced for continuous production of distilled water on sunny and rainy days using solar evaporation Naturally, these successes have led us to think of a Baby Incubator

36. Let more ideas come from all disciplines

37. The best biomedical engineering designs LEARN FROM NATURE THANKS